Iago’s Scheming in Shakespeares Othello Essay - 839 Words

Iago’s Scheming in Othello Iago is a powerful predator who exploits those around him by infecting their perceptions of truth with carefully chosen fallacy. His skill in finding the proverbial chinks in others armor allows him to skillfully weave his machinations of destroying Othello into their minds and actions; by manipulating characters perceptions of Desdemona, Iago gains the leverage he needs to exploit each character. No one is impervious to Iagos seething purpose; even Othello falls prey to Iagos suggestions and insinuations about Desdemona. Iagos constant presence as the stager, as well as his ceaseless - but subtle - reinforcement of events through narration, allows him to be the pivotal force that directs†¦show more content†¦Othello, not knowing that Cassio was in fact speaking with Desdemona in hopes of being reinstated as Lieutenant, mistakenly believes that the two are having an affair and that Desdemona has lost her chastity. Iago skillfully capitalizes on the situation by developing hi s attack further: She did deceive her father, marrying you (3.3.220). Othello begins to see Iagos reasoning: if she could deceive her father, she could just as easily deceive her new husband. Once Othellos bliss has been decimated, Iago concentrates on weakening Othellos perception of himself; Iago very carefully and very tactfully chooses words and metaphors that subconsciously pit Othello against the Venetians. Othello begins to perceive himself as an outsider in his own country, a malignant and turbaned Turk (5.2.365). A fruitful marriage with a Venetian woman becomes out of the question in Othellos mind. Iagos successful manipulation takes a self-confidant man and reduces him to one at ends with himself and with the woman he loved. Iagos omnipresence is vital to his success; only when present in a scene is he able to manipulate the characters and, more importantly, interpret the scenes for the benefit of those witnessing the events. In the first scene of the fifth act, after killing Roderigo and after Cassio passes out, Iago senses the chance to engage in a bit of creative staging. Iago, left uncontested,Show MoreRelatedShakespeares Portrayal of Themes of Deception and Jealousy in Othello642 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Portrayal of Themes of Deception and Jealousy in Othello The main characters in relation to jealousy in the play are Othello and Desdemona. Desdemona is the object of Othellos jealousy, which is planted in his mind by Iagos deception. This enhances Othellos position in the minds of the audience as the tragic hero, and deeply links these two themes. The very status of being the tragic hero in the minds of the audience enhances our sense of his deceptionRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello 992 Words   |  4 PagesMorrison Professor Connor Shakespeare 340 Midterm Paper, Prompt 5 7 April 2016 A Black Iago Othello is, in the opinion of many, one of Shakespeare’s most prolific plays. It broke the mold by assigning the lead protagonist role to a black man, and the central love story is of that between this older black man and a young white woman. Othello has perhaps the most wicked- and likable- villain in all of Shakespeare’s work. It has love- both fulfilled and unrequited, family conflict, rebelling daughters,Read MoreExamples Of Othello As A Revenge Tragedy1022 Words   |  5 Pagesrespectable hero and a moment of peripeteia. The intertwining of jealousy, deception, murder, suicide and scheming in William Shakespeare’s Othello creates a strong base for a classic revenge tragedy. It is also not only Shakespeare’s adherence to these traditional conventions but rather his ability to manipulate and transform them effectively to captivate crowds of differing classes. Shakespeares apt characterisation, employment of conventions and structuring all collectively contribute to make forRead More Appearnce Vs. Reality Othello Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesI am.† What is Iago? Iago’s actual personality is quite distant from what he pretends to be. In Shakespeare’s Othello, the reader is presented the classic battle between good and evil. It is these forces of evil that ultimately lead to the breakdown of Othello. Othellos breakdown results in the murder of his wife Desdemona. Desdemona is representative of the good in nature. Good can be defined as forgiving, honest, innocent and unsuspecting. The evil contained within Othello is by no means magicalRead MoreEssay about Racism in Othello862 Words   |  4 PagesRacism is inextricably linked to the story of Othello and presents several universal themes, still prominent in modern society. It is this that questions what sort of message Shakespeare intended to convey to his audience; was Othello the black ‘moor’, portrayed as a tragic hero? Or did his character ev entually come to resemble the prejudices of which he was a victim? A text rich with ethical debate, Othello is a story of black and white, culture, fate, and ultimately good versus bad. Racial ‘otherness’Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesOthello speaks to Iago in Act Three of the play saying, â€Å"certain, men should be what they seem† (3.3.131). This excerpt foreshadow events in which Othello will begin to question the actions and morality of Cassio and Desdemona, all orchestrated by Iago’s scheming nature. This is a very important concept to showcase because Othello devoutly loves Desdemona and trusts Cassio until conniving language from Iago causes him to think otherwise. Drawing on Shakespeare’s source story by Cinthio and otherRead MoreIago’s Jealousy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesIago’s Jealousy In Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, good is often confronted by evil, in which almost every case is in the form of jealousy. Iago, the plays antagonist, is a very manipulative villain. Iago uses his own agony and distress brought upon him by his envy of others, to provoke the same agony within the characters in the play. Jealousy’s ability are shown to influence people to new ends and make all humanistic judgment disappear leaving that man a monster torn apart by envy. Jealousy’sRead MoreNature of Evil in Othello1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nature Of Evil In Othello The Nature of Evil in Othello William Shakespeare’s Othello uses different and unique techniques in his language to express the nature of evil throughout the play. Verbal twists and the characters most importantly stress the act of evil. Iago, most of all is portrayed as the â€Å"villain† or â€Å"protagonist in the play. Shakespeare uses this character to set the basis of evil. Each plot point is spiraled further into tragedy due to the nature of Iago and his manipulativeRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1241 Words   |  5 PagesOthello, a play written in the setting of Venice City during a period of war between Venice and Turkey in the 16 century is one of the numerous William Shakespeare’s plays. Othello a middle-aged black moor who is also a general in the defense forces marries Desdemona, a white aristocratic lady against the wishes of her father. Their love, however, does not have the happily ever after ending due to the manipulations, deceptions, and scheming of Iago who is driven by revenge and selfish ambitions.Read More‚Äà ºIago Is an Evil Genius‚Äà ¹ Discuss1135 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play Othello, Iago is seen by many as an honest and trustworthy person, though in reality he is a man of deceit and malevolence. This duplicitous nature of Iago’s is arguably one of Shakespeare’s most intriguing antagonists. From the outset, the audience is immediately drawn in by his sinister, yet unclear motives by revealing to them – â€Å"I am not what I am†. Iago is truly an evil character: he is extremely immoral and wicked, associating himself with the devil. He shows no

Illness Through The Eye Of The Beholder - 1425 Words

Illness Through the Eye of the Beholder Because identities are both externally prescribed and internally experienced, it is crucial that we evaluate the methodology by which medical professionals identify and treat illnesses. At the point where suffering is unique to each individual, it is important that we also consider the tools that each person has to describe their symptomology, as to elucidate their suffering in the context of the clinical perspective so that appropriate resources and treatments would be made available to them. One such methodology used to understand illnesses is known as the â€Å"illness narrative† in which Dr. Arthur Kleinman describes in his book, The Illness Narratives, as â€Å"[An] alternative therapeutic approach [originating] in the reconceptualization of medical care as (1) empathic witnessing of the existential experience of suffering and (2) practical coping with the major psychosocial crises that constitute the menacing chronicity of that ex perience† (10). Kleinman argues that this type of engagement between the doctor and the patient is key to the recovery process of the patient. However, his argument relies on one, the effectiveness of empathy through storytelling within the doctor-patient relationship, and two, the ability of the doctor to fully understand the illness experience depicted by the patient. These two implicit assumptions are contested by Toni Morrison in her novel, Home, where she asserts that we cannot fully empathize with another’sShow MoreRelatedThe Causes and Effects of Stress1901 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder†. This is a saying that carries the meaning that one’s beauty is perceived differently through different eyes or different individuals. What may seem beautiful to one person may not be beautiful to another. The same goes for the statement that â€Å"Stress is in the eyes of the beholder†. Stress from the perspective of poetry is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others; the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythmRead MoreWestern Civ Continuous or Discontinuous1411 Words   |  6 Pagesof mental illness. We tend to wonder if a mental illness if just an ordinary person taking something to an extreme, or if it is just a matter of degree. I think there is a difference in the way someone with a mental illness experiences reality. There are so many different kinds of mental illnesses so it is far more complicated than a single entity. There is even debate out there as to w hat exactly is considered a mental illness versus what is not. I guess to some it is all in the eyes of the beholderRead MoreStress is in the Eyes of the Beholders2257 Words   |  10 PagesINSPIRATIONAL STORY 5 5.0 HOW TO MANAGE STRESS. 7 REFERENCES. 9 Stress is in the Eyes of the Beholders. 1.0 INTRODUCTION What is stress? According to a journal, Stress is a state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life, works, family and many more. It is also something that causes strong feelings of worry or anxiety and physical force or pressure. What is that means with stress is in the eyes of the beholder? It means that others may think differently than I do about stress, how theyRead MoreAutobiography of a Face: Lucy Grealy1611 Words   |  7 PagesAutobiography of a Face: Lucy Grealy The psychology of beauty is complex not just because the concept of beauty is as yet undefined, but also because it is largely true that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder or how individuals perceive other people or things. The importance of beauty has been taught since the first civilizations. It is known that the cave people of the Mesolithic period (around 10,000 B.C.) softened their skin with castor oil and grease, and also used plant dyesRead More Professionalism in Nursing Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesclients; Attitude, Values, Communication techniques, and approachability. Clients who display a committed, dependable attitude will benefit more from work exerted, and overall be rewarded with incentives. Although professionalism may be in the eye of the beholder. A profession is defined as a trade or vocation, mainly one that involves some sort of higher education or special training. Professionalism is a stature that the client must maintain when in the workplace because of the standards he or sheRead MoreProfessionalism: What It Is and Why It Is Important in Nursing?1235 Words   |  5 Pagesclients, attitudes, values, communication techniques and approachability. Clients who display a committed, dependable attitude will benefit more from work exerted and overall be rewarded with incentives. Although professionalism may be in the eye of the beholder, a profession is defined as trade or vocation, mainly one that involves some sort of higher education or social training. Professionalism is a stature that the client must maintain when in the work place because of the standards he or she isRead MoreThe Most Tragic of Heroes828 Words   |  3 PagesTragedy, like comedy, is in the eyes of the beholder and what makes a particular fictional char acter more tragic than another can be argued until the end of time. However, despite this, it seems that an undeniable part of what makes a character tragic is their ability to save themselves from their predicament but, for whatever reason, refuse to do so, thus damning themselves to their wretched fate. Likewise, the more obvious this ability, the more control that a character has over their fate, theRead MoreImportance of a Multi-Professional Team1361 Words   |  5 Pages　 INTRODUCTION 　　　　An effective care for patients can be achieved through the collaboration and team work within the certain health care teams to provide a focused and shared learning in health professional education, which can help enhance the outcome of the patient’s needs.1 Working with different professionals and care givers can lead to issues. This can be looked upon so that the patient is given good service and enhanced care. 　　　Diversity of opinion and experience can bring strength and knowledgeRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Empathy1230 Words   |  5 Pagesor poisonous venom, or big teeth. We aren’t relatively fast, either. But, the thing we do have is the power to work together. No matter if you’re a systemizer or an empathizer, our greater function when we come together - even in pairs - is shown through compassion and attention to others’ needs, for this is fact among our species. The brain is literally constructed to feel empathy and experience what another person is feeling, using something that scientists have named the mirror neuron. We use thisRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl, By Harriet Tubman And The Fight For Freedom1394 Words   |  6 PagesMuch like the saying Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, the notion of freedom varies according to the person describing it. In the context of slavery, for example, the concept of freedom is different in the perspective of enslaved women, enslaved men, or white women. To black women, the idea of freedom was conceived around the concept of family. For white women, freedom meant achieving equal footing with men, and getting their natural rights. And, for the enslaved black man, the idea that they

Animal Rights Essay Introduction Example For Students

Animal Rights Essay Introduction One of the most touchy aspects of our relationship with animals is the use of animals in laboratory sciences. Some manufactures of cosmetics and household products still conduct painful and useless tests on live animals, even though no law requires them to do so. Some people, called anti-vivisectionists, are at one extreme in their concern. They want an abolition of all experiments on live animals. At the other extreme there are those who say that it is quite all right for us to do whatever we like to animals. They say that God gave us such a right, since it is written in the bible (Genesis 1:26) that man has dominion over all creatures. If what is done to the animal may produce something of educational value, adds to scientific knowledge, or can help improve human health, they argue that it is worth killing animals or subjecting them to painful experiments. I believe that the unnecessary testing of animals is inhumane and unethical when alternative methods are available. The anti-vivisectionists say we should allow no experiments on animals and the animal utilitarians, or vivisectionists, claim that we can do anything to animals if it is for the ultimate good of humanity. Perhaps they are both wrong. Much can be learned from treating animals that are already sick or injured in testing new life-saving drugs and surgical techniques. Animals, as well as people benefit from new discoveries. But is it right to take perfectly healthy animals and harm them to find cures for human illnesses, many of which we bring on ourselves by poisoning the environment, eating the wrong kinds of foods, and by not adopting a healthy active life-style?Do people have the right to do what ever they like to perfectly healthy animals? Do we have the right to continue doing experiments over and over again in a needless repetition and a waste of animals if no new information is going to be gained. Animals suffer unnecessarily and their lives are pointlessly wasted. If the issue w ere simple, animal experimentation might never have become so controversial. Each year in the United States an estimated 20-70 million animals-from cats, dogs and primates, to rabbits, rats and mice-suffer and die in the name of research. Animal tests for the safety of cosmetics, household products and chemicals are the least justifiable. Animals have doses of shampoo, hair spray, and deodorant dripped into their eyes or applied to bare skin in attempts to measure eye and skin irritancy levels. Other are force-fed massive quantities of toxic materials such as bleach or soap, in a hit-and-miss attempt to measure levels of toxicity. Since 1938, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required that each ingredient in a cosmetic be adequately substantiated for safety prior to being made available to the consumer. However, neither the FDA nor the Consumer Product Safety Commission ( a regulatory agency that oversees product safety, consumer complaints, etc.) requires firms to conduct animal testing of any cosmetic product. Cosmetic companies use animal tests to insure themselves against possible consumer lawsuits. If sued for liability, they can protect themselves by arguing that the cosmetic was adequately tested for safety with tests standard in the cosmetic industry. How placing a piece of lipstick in the eye of a rabbit to determine it safety to the consumer boggles my mind. If someone placed a piece of lipstick in my eye, I do believe it would irritate my eye also. How in the name of God does this test prove it is safe for the consumer? I dont believe lipstick is gong to be used in the eye area, unless you are a mindless idiot. .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .postImageUrl , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:hover , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:visited , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:active { border:0!important; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:active , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Criminology - Thoughts On Plea Bargaining EssayThe Draize Eye-Irritancy Test was designed to assess a substances potential harmfulness to human eyes based on its effects on rabbits eyes. This test was developed in the early 1940s by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This test is typically performed on six rabbits per substance tested. Technicians restrain each rabbit and place a measured amount of the test substance in the lower lid of one eye. Usually no anesthetics are given. the rabbits eyes are than examined at different intervals. If severe injury has resulted, the rabbits may be observed

Transitions both expected and unexpected from birth free essay sample

This tables explains the different types of transitions both expected and unexpected from birth to 19 years old and how they affect the development or behaviour and having a positive relationship can effect them. Transition Effect on Children and Young People of having positive adult relationships during periods of transition Babies Weaning Crawling to Walking Nappies to Toilet When weaning the adult can help the child by using a calm and soothing voice, a lot of reassurance both visual and vocal. Always maintain eye contact and good facial expressions. Always allow plenty of time when feeding. This will encourage the child to try new textures (food). Never force a child eats as this will have a very negative effect. The transition from crawling to walking is a developmental milestone; it enables the child to view the world around them for an up right position. They can reach items that use to be out of their reach and can move with increasing speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Transitions both expected and unexpected from birth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this transition an adult will ensure the children can explore their environment safely, encourage them with a positive attitude. All children reach development milestones at different times in their life. Some children are later at bladder control then others, until a child can recognise the signs of needing the toilet there is no point in starting toilet training. As a supportive adult you can reassure a child that accidents happen and that everything is ok. Children Start Nursery Start School Move through Key Stages When a decision is made for a child to attend nursery, the parent can arrange visits where they can stay with the child, so that the child becomes familiar with the setting. Constant reassurance that everything is alright, will allow the child to feel safe in the environment. Leaving the child for a short period of time during a visit will reinforce the fact that you are returning and not leaving them there for ever. When a child reach’s school age and the parent have decided which school the child will attend visits are arranged with the school to introduce the child to the environment and staff. Playground visit are a good way for the children to interact with one other and they can start to make friends and bond with their peers. Parents are encouraged to take their children into the classroom and help them with hanging up coats etc.this gives the child an extra bit of reassurance when entering the school. When a child is due to move into a different year group, any adult involved with the children can make themselves known to the child. This can be done by class visits, which encourage the child to learn the new layout of their class room and get to know the staff with in that class room. Young People Puberty College / University Leave Home Sta rt Work When a child goes through puberty their emotions are running very high. Giving the child reassurances about what is happening to them and that it is normal. Helping a young person to choose the right college for them is very important, attending visits to the university, helping with any form filling and settling into university life is the best role an adult can take in this transitions When the time comes for a child to leave home the adults can again be reassuring that they will always be there for advice or help when needed. It can be very over whelming when it comes to starting work, explaining to the young person about the way that the business world works can help with how they deal with work situations that they haven’t encountered before. Adults Married Separation / Divorce Children Change of Job Death With all these situations in adult life keeping the lines of communication open and reassurances will have a positive effect. Unexpected Transitions Arrival of new sibling Change of school Moving home Violence or abuse Parents Divorcing Illness, Accident, Death Whether these situations are happening to a child or young person, an adult can explaining what is going on and what is happening. Allowing the child to talk and listening to them, giving them reassurances and keeping all lines of communication open will have a positive effect on the child.

The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making The WritePass Journal

The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making Introduction The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making IntroductionApproach and Outline(Theory Being Tested)List of ReferencesRelated Introduction This research will examine The Role of Intuitive Judgement in Strategic Decision-Making by studying the measures used within the organisations and means of a Literature Review. Literature Review will look at the, use of intuitive skills which will be discussed. Research questions, the circumstances under which intuitive judgement is employed and the conditions under which it is effective and strategic decision-making are considered. Finally, the Literature Review will explore the role played by intuition in TMT decision-making. Using MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator), the study will analyse the decision making style of managers. Those are two perceiving functions, sensing and intuition (irrational) the two judging functions, thinking and feeling (rational). Myers et al., 1998 has identified four cognitive styles (ST, SF, NT and NF). Sufficient support has received for using the method of MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator) as a measure of Jungian Personality dimensions. (e.g. Rosenak Shontz 1988;Gardner Martinko, 1996; Myers et al, 1998). (Cited in Gallà ©n, T. 2006). Thus this study will fill the gap between Hambrick and Mason’s (1984) ‘upper echelons’ model of organizations, in the field of strategic decision-making which mainly examined the demographic factors influencing top management team’s (TMT’s) decision-making and firm performance not intuition’s role and team interaction mechanisms affect in the process of   decision making and firm performance. The research question is: How do team interaction mechanisms affect intuitive judgement of the Leader (Decision Maker)? Approach and Outline(Theory Being Tested) The conceptual model shows that Team effectiveness – displayed as an input-throughput-output model – is a multilevel phenomenon. As Hambrick and Mason (1984) argue, corporate performance is a reflection of the decision makers in the upper echelons of the corporation, thus director-level variables are linked to firm-level variables. However, as argued above, this type of reasoning ignores Agor (1986) study which indicates that intuition is especially important in situations characterised by high levels of uncertainty, where facts are limited, where there are few precedents and when time is limited. In order to promote change in an organizations strategy, (Gallà ©n, T. 2006) it might be necessary to consider a successors personality too: sometimes a sensing (S) manager may be replaced by an intuitive (N) manager. (Gallà ©n, T. 2006) In line with Clares (1999) suggests that those who can think intuitively may have a valuable contribution to make to the management process, thus Director Characteristics include Extraversion (E)/Introversion (I) Sensing (S)/Intuition (N) and Thinking (T)/Feeling (F). Next, these input variables lead to outcomes, first at the team level. The team role performance block is to be interpreted as the issue to what extent the team monitors top management and to what extent the team provides resources to the firm. Team-level outcomes contribute to firm performance, where one has to take into account that good corporate performance is defined differently by various stakeholders (Wood and Jones, 1995). The behavioural propositions will be tested on a dataset that will be gathered for this research. This data will consist of answers to a wide variety of statements on team working style and the company’s environment. Several hundred replies will be collected from UK and Indian SMEs and MLEs, CEOs. The studies in this set focus on UK and Indian corporations. A first study will identify team processes such as effort, conflict, cooperation and use of knowledge and hypothesis upon the relationships among these concepts and between these concepts and team role performance. An intriguing issue in this research is that the major team roles that have been identified are theoretically non-complementary (monitoring requires distance, whereas strategy and service demands proximity) and practically unidentified because various activities are performed that could be considered part of both roles. A second study will test hypotheses on team capital and team performance, confronting the views of CEOs and chairmen on team relations. For both studies, case studies and small sample quantitative research needed to be identified the variables of interest and standard instruments to measure these concepts have been developed but it remains to be shown that the results generalise to larger populations and which contextual forces are important. The second set of studies concerns the team’s role in satisfying claims of stakeholder groups other than shareholders only. Specifically, it will be analysed whether some demographic configuration of the team is preferred to other team structures if it comes to making stakeholder relationships profitable. Thus, in terms of Figure 1, the middle column is held constant and a detailed analysis of director characteristics on various performance measures will be undertaken. A longitudinal study will be undertaken to investigate the dynamics of the alleged relationship between team interaction mechanisms and intuitive judgment. This study thus assesses whether team interaction mechanism is a serious issue. A cross-sectional study will be conducted to pinpoint at network theoretical and team demographic variables that are key to this relationship, seeking an optimal team structure from various team management’s views. The third and final set of studies takes a specific aspect of the intuitive role of directors and a theory of intuitive judgment in strategic decision making will be developed and answers will be sought to the How do team interaction mechanisms affect intuitive judgment of the Leader (Decision Maker)?, question that have been left unanswered to date. This field is theoretically highly undeveloped and thus it is not yet clear where to fit the set of studies in Figure 1. It is likely, however, that the development will be parallel to the first set in which director and team characteristics will be considered as drivers of firm strategy. The empirical setting is United Kingdom and India, for which a set on compliance with the corporate governance code and director profiles and networks will be composed. The studies are cross-sectional in nature and cover the majority of UK and Indian listed corporations. Qualitative data will be used in this connection and analysis of data will be interpreted using SPSS. List of References Agor, W.H. (1986), The Logic of Intuitive Decision Making: A Research-based Approach for Top Management, Quorum Books, New York, NY. Clares, M.-T. (1999), â€Å"Women, men and management styles†, International Labour Review, 138 (4), pp. 41-6. Daily, C.M., Dalton, D.R., and Cannella, A.A. jr. 2003. Corporate governance: decades of dialogue and data. Academy of Management Review 28: pp. 371-382 Forbes, D.P., and Milliken, F.J. 1999. Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding boards of directors as strategic decision-making groups. Academy of Management Review 24: pp.489-505 Gallà ©n, T. 2006 Managers and strategic decisions: does the cognitive style matter? Journal of Management Development.   25 (2) pp. 118-133. Gabrielsson, J., and Huse, M. 2004. Context, behavior, and evolution: Challenges in research on boards and governance. International Studies of Management and Organization 34: pp.11-36. Gardner, W.L., Martinko, M.J. (1996), Using the Myers-Briggs type indicator to study managers: a literature review and research agenda, Journal of Management, 22 (1), pp.45-83. Hambrick, D.C., Mason, P.A. (1984), Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers, Academy of Management Review,   9 (2), pp.193-206. Henderson, J.C., Nutt, P.C. (1980), The influence of decision style on decision-making behavior, Management Science, 26(4), pp.371-86. Hermalin, B.E., and Weisbach, M.S. 1998. Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. American Economic Review 88: pp.96-118 Hillman, A.J., and Dalziel, T. 2003. Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review 28: pp.383-396 Huse, M. 1993. Relational norms as a supplement to neo-classical understanding of directorates: An empirical study of boards of directors. Journal of Socio-economics 22: pp.219-240 John Hayes, Christopher W. Allinson, Steven J. Armstrong, (2004) Intuition, women managers and gendered stereotypes, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss: 4, pp.403 – 417 Ibarra, H., Kilduff, M., and Tsai, W. 2005. Zooming in and out: Connecting individuals and collectivities at the frontiers of organizational network research. Organization Science 16: pp.359-371. Isenberg, D.J. (1984), â€Å"How senior managers think†, Harvard Business Review, November-December, pp. 81-90. McNulty, T., and Pettigrew, A. 1999. Strategists on the board. Organization Studies 20: pp.47-74 Myers, I.B., McCaulley, M.H., Quenk, N.L., Hammer, A.L. (1998), A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 3rd ed., Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA, . Parikh, J., Neubauer, F. and Lank, A.G. (1994), Intuition: The New Frontier of Management, Blackwell, Oxford Pettigrew, A.M. 1992. On studying managerial elites. Strategic Management Journal 13: pp.163-182 Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), Jungian Q-sorts: demonstrating construct validity for psychological type and the MBTI, Journal of Psychological Type, 15 pp.33-45. Stumpf, S.A., Dunbar, R.L.M. (1991), The effects of personality type on choices made in strategic decision situations, Decision Sciences, 22 (5), pp.1047-69. Tiina Gallà ©n, (2006) Managers and strategic decisions: does the cognitive style matter?, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 25 Iss: 2, pp.118 133 Wood, D.J. and Jones, R.E. 1995. Stakeholder mismatching: A theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 3: pp.229-267 Zahra, S.A., and Pearce, J.A. II 1989. Boards of directors and corporate financial performance: A review and integrative model. Journal of Management 15: pp.291-334 A Study of Intuition in Decision-Making using Organizational Engineering Methodology By Ashley Floyd Fields

How to Write a Term Paper

How to Write a Term Paper How to Write a Term Paper How to Write a Term Paper While writing a term paper, you must be specific about your topic, know what you want to say, and say it effectively. Despite of the required format, APA style term paper for example, you need to choose the term paper topic which is interesting and relevant to the course. Make sure there is enough information on the topic, otherwise, you will not be able to support your ideas. If your term paper topic is too broad, you will have difficulty completing your paper. The term paper on terrorism is too broad because there are so many facets of the topic.   What to do?   You need to narrow your topic to specific question.   For example, write about the different types of terrorism or review terrorism related legislation changes after September 11. Term Paper on Terrorism Term paper writing should follow the academic format.   In the introductory paragraph of the term paper you should give a definition of the term terrorism. Terrorism in the modern sense is violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians for political or other ideological goals.  Most definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear or "terror", are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians.   Then give general information about the terrorism. For example, September 11, 2001 - a day that shocked the entire world. For many people all over the globe this day will be remembered as one of the most terrible and unbelievable days ever, even if they were not directly involved. The attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, on the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and the crash of an airplane in Somerset Country near Pittsburgh not just killed m ore than 3,056 people and damaged or destroyed more than 30 buildings. There were far reaching consequences. In addition, you should include a clear thesis statement in the introductory part of your term paper.   Usually, thesis statement is the last sentence of opening paragraph.   The body section of your term paper should be devoted to the development of the thesis, support of your ideas, and numerous examples.   Each idea should start with the new paragraph and there should be transitional sentences between each paragraph.   Writing a term paper is not easy, however, it is so interesting to read numerous articles and enrich your knowledge on specific topic! Custom Written Term Paper Despite of the topic complexity and deadline pressure, we are able to provide you with custom written term paper!   We have built a team of professional writers who are ready to help you with term paper writing at any time of day and night!   provides free plagiarism report to prove the originality and authenticity of your term paper.   You, as our client, can request unlimited number of revisions and claim full refund if completed essay was not delivered within the specified deadline.

The comparison of Kindred by Butler and Beloved by Toni Morrison Essay

The comparison of Kindred by Butler and Beloved by Toni Morrison - Essay Example Beloved is the story of former slave, Sethe, who lives with her daughter, Denever and mother in law. She has been excommunicated by her community as she killed her child named Beloved 15 years ago in order to save her from being a slave. Here slavery is so cruel that death has been preferred over it. Parents of would be slaves kill their own offspring instead of giving them to slave-catchers. But the choice made by Sethe is criticized and rejected by her own community. To them Sethe’s choice of freedom for her child is unacceptable. They think that a slave should submit to his fate. In Toni Morrison’s Beloved â€Å" the ghost is the reminder of how the phallus of slavery disrupted all bonds when it came down to the black family† ( Bloom 100) Butler’s Kindered also portrays a world where slavery and violence are the common practices. The racial divide has already determined the roles where white are slave-owners and blacks are the slaves. The White have power over the existence of their slaves and they use violence as their instrument. The slavery seems to be an inevitable institution in this society and violence of masters is a common happening. Commenting on this acceptance of reality by the salves Dana says, â€Å"â€Å"The ease. Us, the children . . . I never realized how easily people could be trained to accept slavery† (101). The world seems to deterministic where slavery is accepted as fate. Rufus is a ruthless master who has learned to use his authority since his childhood and treats his slaves cruelly. Sam and Nigel are mistreated. The slaves are victim of all forms of violence: lashing, rapes and other physical and mental brutalities. Slaves’ only refuge and solace against these brutalities is their family and home. Home is the binding force which is a symbol of safety and freedom for the slaves and their family is a binding

Independent research study - BBA Hospitality Management Paper

Independent study - BBA Hospitality Management - Research Paper Example The social media affects communication in diverse sections and social groups in the world. Instead of mass communication, there are mass communicators (Runion, 2010). This is because the power and authorities of traditional communication channels are losing their rigours and new and smaller channels are developing through the social media like Twitter and Facebook. In December, 1995, there were only 16 million internet users and this represented just 0.4% of the worlds population at that time (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011). However, today, 30.4% of the worlds population is hooked onto the Internet and this represents 2.1 billion people (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011. Many people spend a lot of their time online these days. Some go online to check their mails whilst others maintain links with interest groups, family, friends, old school mates and other relatives living overseas through social media networks. In her assessment of her statistics on the social media industry, Evans identifies interesting facts about the social media network (2011). She identifies that there were 21 million Twitter users in the United States in 2011. She states that 40% of bloggers describe themselves as professional so they spend a considerable time working on the internet. Secondly she indicates that 60% of all Fortune 500 companies conduct business over the popular social network site, Facebook. Facebook has over 800 million users around the globe this makes it one of the biggest concentration of the potential market that exists for all goods and services (LA Times, 2011). This means that more and more people are spending their time on the Internet and on social network sites. Also, a vast community of professionals are evolving, who spend time and acquire skills which is sufficient to help build the social network as a good place to do business. This therefore means that the social network are appropriate outlets through which businesses can operate and make profit.

Stopping by on a Snowy Evening Essay Example for Free

Stopping by on a Snowy Evening Essay Choose a poem in which the creation of mood or atmosphere is an important feature. Show how the poet creates the mood or atmosphere, and discuss its importance in your appreciation of the poem as a whole. A reflective mood is created in the poem stopping by woods on a snowy evening by Robert Frost. The poem is about man who stops by some woods on a snowy evening. He takes in the lovely scene in near silence and is tempted to stay for longer but acknowledges the obligations he must keep. He also mentions the distance he faces before he can to sleep which by the language used in the poem ‘sleep’ actually suggests death. At first the poem gives the impression that it is simply describing a man who is on a journey and quietly stops to observe the winter weather but through the writer’s techniques of word choice and structure. It becomes apparent that the poem is about his inner feelings towards the place rather than just a description. The mystery surrounding this quiet place causes the poet to stop and reflect on his life. The quiet or reflective mood of the poem is set firstly, by its simple verse structure and close rhyming scheme. The poem has a gentle rhythm almost like a nursery rhyme even stresses on each line and the a,a,b,a rhyming scheme creates a very relaxed atmosphere. This is reinforced by the poet’s use of literally simple words throughout the poem and short, simple sentences. On the surface the poem seems to be simple but the connotations of the words are actually quite complex. The weather and timing of this stop are both significant. It is snowing heavily, with ‘the woods filling up with snow’. This creates an image of the poet losing his tracks and becoming covered in a blanket implying that he wishes to rest here subtly suggestion death. The fact that the poet stops here on the ‘darkest day of the year’ (the day with least hours of sunlight) seems to reflect the poet’s mood of darkness. The poem develops elements of oddness about the poet stopping in this location. As the poet describes how his horse ‘must think it queer to stop without a farmhouse near’ implies that the isolated location is not a usual place for the horse and the poet to stop. This again is reiterated in stanza three by the horse giving ‘his harness bells a shake’ in almost a cry out for the poet to hurry up and get moving. However this behaviour of urgency by the horse is answered by the poet taking in the scenery and describing the peaceful scenery of â€Å"sweep of easy wind and downy flake†. The contrast between the bright sound of the ‘bells’ and the implied quietness of the â€Å"easy† and â€Å"downy† reflects the tension between motion and rest which lies at the heart of this poem. Stopping at this location gives the poet the chance to forget about everyday life and causes the poet to reflect on his own life. This therefore highlights the major conflict in the poem as the poet wants to stay in the woods because it is peaceful place and there are no responsibilities in the woods. Describing the woods a â€Å"lovely, dark and deep† again illustrates his fascination towards darkness and the desire of wanting a deep sleep- which both represent death. However the pull outside the woods such as â€Å"promises to keep† and the repetition of the last line â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep† suggests the poet is on stopping at the woods for a momentarily break from a busy and highly responsible life. The main conflict of the poem is the pulls between life and death. The poet describes this complex topic very well by using a simple writing style, rhyme and words which all help contain the poet’s mood and emotional state. The poet does not state points explicitly he rather leaves subtle traces of this remarkable occasion through word choice and metaphors. The repetition of the last sentence is a fitting conclusion for the poem as it allows the reader and the poet to consider the past and the present as well a life and death.

The Importance of Matching Strategy, Design and Structure for Organizat

Many companies today face the challenge of global expansion while trying to maintain organizational effectiveness. There are several reasons why companies would want to expand their operations into other countries. If a company has achieved market saturation with its existing customer base, it may want to expand globally to reach a new group of customers. In order for the firm to be considered organizationally effective, it must maintain control over its new global environment (Jones, 2013, p. 16). A company may also want to take advantage of lower production costs, new skills and capabilities or scarce resources that can be found in other countries. These new ways of doing business lead to innovation, the second component of organizational effectiveness (Jones, 2013, p. 16). Finally, a company may want to expand globally in order to enhance their own core competences such as research and development or more efficient production methods. Efficiency is the third element review ed when companies evaluate their overall effectiveness (Jones, 2013, p. 16). In order to meet these three effectiveness goals, the company must first consider its strategy, design and structure to ensure that these elements are compatible with the countries into which they want to expand. The first question is what type of strategy will work best for the company’s global expansion. The strategy chosen will depend heavily on the local culture of the country and on what type of product or service the company is providing. It should be noted that a company may not use the same strategy in each country in which it does business. According to Gucharan Das, former chairman of Procter & Gamble in India (2006), â€Å"Globalization does not mean imposing homog... ...vital questions that companies must answer when expanding into the global marketplace. If any of these elements are missing, the company cannot properly service its customer base. Ultimately, increasing sales and effectively controlling costs will allow the company to succeed. As the company expands globally, its management must review the firm’s core competences and decide what type of strategy, design and structure will allow them to be the most effective while staying ahead of their competition. Works Cited Jones, Gareth R. (2013), Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, Seventh Edition, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Rabin, J., Miller, G., & Hildreth, W. (2000), Handbook of Strategic Management, New York: M. Dekker. Steers, Richard M., & Nardon, Luciara (2006), Managing in the Global Economy, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

If I Could Change the World Essay

Life is the most complicated thing imaginable. From the complex Human body, to thesmallest unit of life, the atom. From events that change the world to time wasting responsibility.The easiest thing to say as to what i would like to change in life would be all the bad things. Itwouldn t be only the easiest but whats expected from everyone. Heroes of the world didn taccomplish all they accomplished in their lives by doing whats wrestling The topic I have chosen to write about is the world of professional wrestling. My goal is to persuade you the reader that there is more to the wrestling industry †¦ expected . They followed theirown paths, through good and bad times they stuck through to make the world what it is today. Which brings me to my decision of what i would change in life. Nothing. Nothing should be changed. Could you imagine what your life would be like without theevents you regret the most not happening? For example, a few years back i fell off my bike andbroke a permanent tooth in half. King Of Handcuffs King of Handcuffs The man known world wide as the most famous magician of all time, Harry Houdini, was born March 24, 1874 in Budapest. Although Houdini often claimed to †¦ I went to the dentist that afternoon and he told me there wasnothing he could do but cement a cap on it that looks very similar to my real tooth. If i had achoice to go back and change this, i wouldn t. The things i learned from this, the experience isoaked in from just falling off my bike, was incredible. My Caution about any dangeroussituation doubled. I dont take the little things like having climatic change I. SUMMARY: This paper looks at the controversial issue of climatic change. In particular, it develops the question of if and why earth’s climate is changing? The roles †¦ a real tooth for granted. So manythings were learned by me and others from a bad happening, i would never want that taken away from me. Imagine a world with a non-existent Hitler. Wonderful you would think, right?

Gender Bias in the Classroom

Leobardo Alfaro Mr. Lewis English 1301-005 16 July 2012 Gender Bias in the Classrooms In the essay â€Å"Hidden Lessons,† this appears in the textbook From Inquiry to Academic Writing, Mayra and David Sadker stands content that gender bias in classrooms damages female students. They lose their self-esteem, attitude towards teachers can change and their education is compromised. When teachers were being observed in their classroom settings it showed that they tend to gravitate more toward male students than the female students.The male students seem to be getting the better hand in the classroom they would get more of the teacher’s attention, energy, and time. Female students are the majority of our nation’s school children, but are given less teacher interaction. Until this is changed more than half of the children’s education will be shorted and society will be lost on their gifts. â€Å"Dateline chose to show a segregated math group: boys sitting on the teacher’s right side and girls on her left. After giving the math book to a girl to hold open at page of examples, the teacher turned her back to the girls and focused on the boys, teaching them active and directly.Occasionally she turned to girl’s side, but only to read examples in the book†¦ had unwittingly transformed the girls into passive spectators, an audience for the boys. † (Sadker 54) Girls in this classroom are of the examples of how their teacher favors the boys and the girls get the short end of the stick. When these girls get denied their time in the classroom what is their left to do? Maybe in this certain classroom there aren’t as many girls as boys so; the teacher focuses more on the boys. Maybe the teacher feels that the boys in the class need more attention because they are more behind in their education.Either way girls shouldn’t have to have their teacher’s favoritism towards the boys. When the girl’s educati on is compromised that means their future is in jeopardy, when they don’t get the attention and support from their full potential. When they are not pushed and recognized they fall back and lose their self-esteem. When self-esteem is lost in young impressionable girls it is really hard to build it back up. Especially if the let down is coming from someone who is such a big influence in the girl’s life, and where she is suppose to be learning from not to be ignored or let down.As this becomes more and more of a problem to girls they become more and more invisible to their teachers in the classroom. As their self-esteem is lowered they do less and less to become known and noticed in the classroom environment. â€Å"Two second graders are kneeling beside a large box†¦ so absorbed are these two small children examining and sorting the materials, they are visibly startled by the teacher’s impatient voice as she hovers over them. ‘Ann! Julia! Get your cott onpickin’ hands out of the math box. Move over so the boys can get in there and do their work. † (Sedker 53) The girls in this excerpt of the essay seem to have not been doing anything wrong or out of the ordinary yet, the teacher seemed to have overreacted for no apparent reason. To the most obvious it seemed that she pointed out the girls because they were girls and they boys needed things more than them. When girls are over looked like that they tend to have different attitudes toward their teachers. Girls have a very strong mind-set at any age so, when they have their mind set on a certain attitude it’s extremely hard to change it back. Award winning author Susan Faludi discovered that backlash ‘is most powerful when it goes private, when it lodges a woman’s mind and turns her vision inward†¦ Psychological backlash internalized by adult women is a frightening concept, but what is even more terrifying is a curriculum of sexist school lessons becoming secret mind games played against female children, our daughters, and tomorrow’s women. † (Sedker 53) In these circumstances it is easy to see why the girls have grown to have harsh attitudes toward their teachers. Sedker and Sedker make a claim of value when they suggest that a ‘majority of our nations schoolchildren’ have become ‘second-class educational citizens’ and point that the consequences of treating girls differently from boys in school has resulted in a ‘loss of self-esteem, decline in achievement, and elimination of career options’ for girls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sedker 56) Their research and statements seem to have reached the conclusion that girls are for some reason treated differently than boys in the classroom.They are lowered than the boys but by the instinct from the teacher. Maybe because of favoritism or because the teacher has less sympathy for girls. Work Citied Sadker, Myra and David. â€Å"Hidden Lessons. † From Inquiry to Academic Writing. Ed. Stuart Greene and April Lidinsky. 2nd edition. Bedford: Boston, 2012. 52-55. Print.

Realism essays

Realism essays In the 1800s the definition of ideal life came into question. The industrial revolutions lead to an enormous amount of poverty and crime. Auguste Comtes philosophy of positivism became known it was about studying the betterment of human and sociality that is the highest form of science. Charles Darwin reinforced this with his Origin of the species, stating all forms of life developed gradually from a common force of ancestry and evolution. Evolution explained by survival of the fittest. Realism, originating in France, came into play to depict reality and the happenings proved by one of the five scenes. Theatre started to take its course. Playwrights were challenged to wright portraying life and as they truthfully observed it. They wrote about contempory society and using theatre as a mirror to society. Playwrights had to develop structure. They went back to a dramatic structure, perfected by Eugene Scribe, called the well-made play. This formula had a clear exposition of situation, careful preparation for future events, unexpected but logical reversals, continuous mounting suspense and an obligatory scene. Realism started to spread all through Europe. In France the most important realist was Alexandr Du Mos, who wrote and dramatised Ladies of the Camellias and later wrote even more realistic plays. In Norway, Hendrik Ibsen, father of realism, started writing. His famous works include Pillars of Society, A Dolls house and Ghosts. All of them dealing with terrible and very direct aspects of life, like syphilis and mental illnesses. He motivated all exposition; all scenes are casually related leading logically to the denouement. Dialogue, settings, costumes and stage business are selected to reveal character and setting. Each personality is shaped and caused by heredity and environmental ci ...

Flashback in Creative Nonfiction

Flashback in Creative Nonfiction A flashback is a shift in a narrative to an earlier event that interrupts the normal chronological development of a story. Also called analepsis. Contrast with flashforward. Just as with the novelist, says Bronwyn T. Williams, the creative nonfiction writer can condense, expand, fold back, reorder, and otherwise play with space and time. Flashbacks, foreshadowing, changing perspectives, changing the order in which events are told, are all fair game and may be effective dramatically and stylistically (Writing Creative Nonfiction in A Companion to Creative Writing, 2013). Examples and Observations: For a flashback to succeed as part of your beginning, it should meet three criteria.First, it should follow a strong opening scene, one that roots us firmly in your characters present. . . .In addition, the second-scene flashback should bear some clear relation to the first scene weve just witnessed. . . .Finally, dont let your readers get lost in time. Indicate clearly how much earlier the flashback scene took place.(Nancy Kress, Beginnings, Middles Ends. Writers Digest Books, 1999)Flashbacks in the TV Series LostBackstorythats been a key element in the brilliance of Lost. Flashbacks are usually deadlybut the writers have used them here as the best novelists do. We only get a flashback that is (a) interesting in and of itself and (b) pertinent to the present action, so that we dont resent the interruptions.(Orson Scott Card, Introduction: What Is Lost Good For? Getting Lost: Survival, Baggage, and Starting Over in J.J. Abrams Lost, ed. by O.S. Card. BenBella, 2006) Advice on Using FlashbacksWhile the flashback is common in literary presentationsnovels, drama, television programsit need not be restricted to them. Indeed, it is very often used for expository writing. . . .Begin a flashback as close to the conclusion, the effect, as you can. Do not give the plot away in the first paragraph, but end the paragraph with a question, with a comment that the remainder of the theme will pertain to the flashback. In a short theme, your flashback should be short, certainly no longer than about one-fourth of your theme.(John McCall, How to Write Themes and Essays. Petersons, 2003)A rule of thumb: If you feel a need to have a flashback on the first or second page of your story, either your story should begin with the events of the flashback, or you should get us involved with some compelling present characters and events before flashing back.(Orson Scott Card, Elements of Fiction Writing: Characters and Viewpoint. Writers Digest Books, 2010)The Flashback Seq uence in the Movie CasablancaIn the example of Casablanca, the flashback sequence is positioned strategically in the plot to resolve a newly elaborated narrative enigma. The crucial characters of the flashback (Rick, Ilsa, and Sam) have been clearly introduced, and the films plot has raised a question about the relationship of Rick and IlsaWhat happened to them before the film proper has begun?that must be answered before the plot can proceed.(James Morrison, Passport to Hollywood. SUNY Press, 1998) See also: Chronological OrderForeshadowingPlot

Research paper about social learning theories Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About social learning theories - Research Paper Example Moreover, scholars advocate for the enactment of fair laws that enhance criminal justice because socialization directly affects development of self. The learning theory examines the stages and processes that lead to acquisition of knowledge, development of self, and the influence of peers to socialization. According to Ryberg (300), the social learning theory recommends different approaches to curbing the rise in cases of crime in the society. For instance, the theory recommends the use of preventive and intervention policies in controlling crime. As discussed in the piece, the theory seeks to devise alternatives for the implementation of policies that are instrumental when curbing crime. Consequently, it is necessary to highlight the implications of fundamental policies that address crime in the society. Albert Bandura, Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers are scientists who rooted for the development of the learning theory and its application when addressing crime in the society. In his works, Bandura argued that crime resulted from individual’s conformation to their environment. It is a choice that people make when options for survival are limited (Tibbetts 148). According to Bandura, people develop their identity through interactions with external stimuli. Thereafter, conscious development takes place in individuals. The development is in response to the expectations from the society. People choose to behave in a particular way to conform to the expectations of the society (Tibbetts 29). Behaviors results from response instigated by the social stimuli. As a result, behavior affects attitudes of individuals. Bandura adds that formation of identity begins in childhood before proceeding to the later stages of development in life. For example, a child might develop poor sexua l tendencies based on his understanding of societal development. He becomes conscious of the ideals propagated within the society. According

Elementary education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elementary education - Essay Example Mathematics is a vital subject and is a fundamental part of scientific disciplines. Mathematics is also applicable in daily lives; hence, it is essential for students to learn mathematics. For a mathematics teacher, it is vital to research on the most practical way to teach students, in order to make learning accommodative, to the different, comprehensive speeds of students. Students in this bracket are still experiencing progress in their cognitive development. It is important to use a teaching method that is not too complex, but at the same time, it encourages growth. In elementary school, the concepts covered will prepare the student to face the intricate problems that will be experienced in the other levels of learning. Summary of the concepts Education concept covered in the book† A Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers.† There are thirteen mathematical concepts covered. These concepts range from numerical systems to algebra thinking. Here, is a summary on the topics covered in this book. The first concept is numerical systems. In this concept, the teacher is expected to talk about numerical systems and describe number sets. The second concept is on whole numbers and the different mathematical operations that can be performed. They include basic operations of like subtraction and addition, division and multiplication. The third concept is on algebra. Some of the lessons learned in this are what are variables, different equations and algebra functions. This topic is viewed as challenging by most elementary students. There is also the theory of ratios and fractions. Also, discussed is how to perform mathematical functions on rational numbers. Decimal and real numbers make up the next concept. The students will be introduced to decimals and how to carry out operations on decimal numbers. Also, included in this concept are real numbers and how they are used in equations. The eighth concept is on proportions and perc entages. In the concept ratios are revisited, proportion and percentages will be introduced to the students. Probability also features as one of the concepts covered in this syllabus. Learning aides like tree diagrams are introduced to help students to comprehend better this concept. Data analysis as a concept is also introduced. The students learn about data and how different data forms are displayed and their applications in statistics. The tenth concept in the course book is on geometry. Different notions about basic geometry are explored, and angles and three-dimension geometry is covered. Measurement concepts make a part of the curriculum, in this concept; linear measurement, areas, volume and mass are discussed. Surface area is also coved and distance theories and the Pythagoras theory feature in this concept. In the last concept, motion geometry is discussed. In this concept, translation, rotation, reflection and size transformations are also covered. All this concepts are ta ilored to suit the cognitive need of the age bracket that is common in elementary schools (Billstein, Lott, 2012). Relevance of the course to teachers Teachers have an extremely crucial part to play in the cognitive development of children. It is, therefore, important for teachers to be aware of the best way to ensure that children are learning and are expanding their mental capabilities. This cannot be realized blindly research is constantly carried on how improve teaching methods. This Studies come up with improvements on the current system, hence; teachers have to be up to speed in order to adapt the positive changes being brought forward through this studies. It is imperative for teachers to study on how to be effective in their work. This course is significant for elementary math’

Reporting and Analyzing Cash Flows Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reporting and Analyzing Cash Flows - Assignment Example However, the costs of the inventory has increased, which will cause growth of the amortization depreciations (Murphy, 2000). On the other hand, if the equipment is used more effectively, the overall production and operation costs will lower. This non-cash investment is intended to improve the overall performance of the Popowich Inc. Issuing additional shares is the double-end stick. On the one hand, it depreciates the already existing stocks, while on the other hand this will help to improve the company’s positions on the market by attracting investments. Financial activities of the company are mainly associated with the time and money restrictions. Nevertheless, the cash and non-cash investments of the Popowich Inc prevent the company from stagnation. Regardless of the fact that the further financial plans are unknown, if the existing tendency is preserved, the company will shorten the long- and short-term notes that will help to decrease the liabilities. Additionally, the proper capital budgeting will help to control expenditures. As Murphy (2000) emphasizes, the remaining capital expenses are generally graded in accordance with the profitability reported. Hence, the financing activity of the Popowich Inc is based on the capital budgeting model. The long-term liabilities of the company represent the positive tendency, as the company is aimed at shortening these points of the budget. The stockholders’ equities are involved into the strategy of attracting investors. In the light of this fact, it should be stated that the company’s financing activities form the positive

Image Based Steganographyusing LSB Insertion Technique

Image Based Steganographyusing LSB Insertion Technique ABSTRACT Steganography is a technique used to hide the message in vessel data by embedding it. The Vessel Data which is visible is known as external information and the data which is embedded is called as internal information.The extrenal information is not much useful to the data owner. The techniques used in Steganography makes hard to detect hidden message within an image file. By this technique we are not only sending a message but also we are hiding the message. Steganography system is designed to encode and decode a secret file embedded in image file with a random Least Significant Bit(LSB) insertion technique. By using this technique the secret data are spread out among the image data in a random manner with the help of a secret key. The key generates pseudorandom numbers and identifies where and in which order hidden message is laid out. The advantage of using this method is that it includes cryptography. In cryptography, diffusion is applied to secret message. INTRODUCTION: The information communicated comes in number of forms and is used in various number of applications. In large number of these applications, it is desired that the communication has to be done in secrete. Such secret communication ranges from the obvious cases of bank transfers, corporate communications, and credit card purchases,and large percentage of everyday e-mail. Steganography is an ancient art of embedding a message in such a way that no one,except the sender and the recipient,suspects the existence of the message. Most of the newer applications use Steganography as a watermark, to protect a copy right on information. The forms of Steganography vary, but unsurprisingly, innocuous spam messages are turning up more often containing embedded text. A new transform domain technique for embedding the secret information in the integer wavelet which is transformed on a cover image is implemented here. A technique which is used to scramble a secrete or a confidential message in order to make it unreadable for a third party is known as the Cryptography.Now-a-days its commonly used in the internet communications.cryptography can hide the content of the message but it cant hide the location of the secrete message.This is how the attackers can target even an encrypted message.Water marking is the another information of hiding the digital data or a picture or musical sound.The main purpose of this watermarking information is to protect the copyright or the ownership of the data.In this technique the robustness of the embedded evidence,that can be very small, is the most important.The external information which is visible is the valuable information in the watermarking technique. steganography is a technique which is used to make the confidential information imperceptible to the human eyes by embedding the message in some dummy data such as the digital image or a speech sound.There is a research topic about the steganography known as the steganalysis.The main objective of this steganalysis is to find out the stego file among the given files.It is a technique which is used to detect the suspicious image or sound file which is embedded with the crime related information.So,we need to make a sniffer-dog-program to break the steganography.However,it is too difficult to make a program that really works. All the traditional steganography techniques have very limited information-hiding capacity.They can hide only 10% (or less) of the data amounts of the vessel.This is because the principle of those techniques which were either to replace a special part of the frequency components of the vessel image, or to replace all the least significant bits which are present in a multivalued image with the secrete information.In the new steganography which we are using uses an image as the vesel data, and we need to embed the secrete information in to the bit planes of the vessel.The percentage of information hiding capacity of a true color image is around 50.All the noise-like regions in the bit planes of the vessel image can be replaced with the secret data without deteriorating the quality of the image,which is known as BPCS-Steganography, which stands for Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation Steganography. BACKGROUND HISTORY: The word Steganography is of Greek origin and means â€Å"covered, or hidden writing†. Its ancient origins can be traced back to 440BC. THEORY: Steganography is a technique which is used now a days to make confidential information imperceptible to the human eyes by embedding it in to some innocent looking vessel data or a dummy data such as a digital image or a speech sound.In a multi bit data structure a typical vessel is defined as a color image having Red,Green and blue components in it.By using a special extracting program and a key the embedded information can be extracted,the technique of steganography is totally different from file deception or file camouflage techniques. A technique to hide the secrete data in a computer file which almost looks like a steganography is known as a file deception or file camouflage.But actually, it is defined as a trick which is used to disguise a secret-data-added file as a normal file.This can be done as most of the computer file formats have some dont-care portion in one file.For instance if we take some file formats as jpeg,mpeg3 or some word file these looks like the original image,sound or document respectively on the computer.Some of them could have misunderstood that such a trick is a type of Steganography.However,such files can have an extra lengthy file sizes, and they can be easily detected by most of the computer engineers.So, by this we can understand that the file deception is totally different from that of the steganographic techinque which we are discussing here. Many of the Steganography software which is in the market today is based on the file decepetion.If we find a steganography program that increases the output file size just by the amount we have embedded, then the program is obviously a file deception.If there is some secrete data then we should encrypt in such a way that it is not readable for the third party.A solution to Keep secrete information very safe is known as Data Encryption.It is totally based on scrambling the data by using some type of the secrete key. However,encrypting the data will draw more attention of the people who have not encrypted the data.So, it is very to the owner to know whether the data is encrypted or not.By, this we can know that the encrypting is not enough. There is another solution which is known steganography. There are two types of data in steganography, one is the secret data that is very valuable and the other is a type of media data vessel or carrier or dummy data.Vessel data is essential, but it is not so valuable.It is defined as the data in which the valuable data is embedded. The data which is already embedded in the vessel data is called stego data.By using the stego data we can extract the secret or the valuable data. For embedding and extracting the data we need a special program and a key. A typical vessel is an image data with Red, Green, and Blue color components present in it in a 24 bits pixel structure. The illustration below shows a general scheme of Steganography. Steganography is a technique which is used to hide secret data by embedding it in some innocent looking media data like Mona lisa in the above picture.The data which is embedded is very safe because Steganography hides both the content and the location of the secret information.In the media data there are many different methods to embed the data.It is highly impossible to detect which method is used for embedding the data.Steganography can co-operate with cryptography in the sense that it can embed the encrypted secret data and make it much safer. The most important point in the steganography technique is that the stego data does not have any evidence that some extra data is embedded there.In other way, the vessel data and the stego data must be very similar.The user of the steganography should discard the original vessel data after embedding,so that no one can compare the stego and the original data. It is also important that the capacity for embedding the data is large.As it is larger it is better.Of all the currently available steganography methods the BPCS method is the best. LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT INSERTION One of the most common techniques used in Steganographytoday is called least significant bit (LSB) insertion. This method is exactly what it sounds like; the least significant bits of the cover-image are altered so that they form the embeddedinformation. The following example shows how the letter A can be hidden in the first eight bytes of three pixels in a 24-bit image. Pixels: (00100111 11101001 11001000) (00100111 11001000 11101001) (11001000 00100111 11101001) A: 01000001 Result: (00100110 11101001 11001000) (00100110 11001000 11101000) (11001000 00100111 11101001) The three underlined bits are the only three bits that were actually altered. LSB insertion requires on average that only half the bits in an image be changed. Since the 8-bit letter A only requires eight bytes to hide it in, the ninth byte of the three pixels can be used to begin hiding the next character of the hidden message. A slight variation of this technique allows for embedding the message in two or more of the least significant bits per byte. This increases the hidden information capacity of the cover-object, but the cover-object is degraded more, and therefore it is more detectable. Other variations on this technique include ensuring that statistical changes in the image do not occur. Some intelligent software also checks for areas that are made up of one solid color. Changes in these pixels are then avoided because slight changes would cause noticeable variations in the area .While LSB insertion is easy to implement, it is also easily attacked. Slight modifications in the color palette and simple image manipulations will destroy the entire hidden message. Some examples of these simple image manipulations include image resizing and cropping. Applications of Steganography : Steganography is applicable to, but not limited to, the following areas. Confidential communication and secret data storing. Protection of data alteration Access control system for digital content distribution. Media Database systems. The area differs in what feature of the Steganography is utilized in each system. 1. Confidential communication and secret data storing: The â€Å"secrecy† of the embedded data is essential in this area. Historically, Steganography have been approached in this area.Steganography provides us with: (A).Potential capacity to hide the existence of confidential data. (B).Hardness of detecting the hidden (i.e., embedded ) data. (C).Strengthening of the secrecy of the encrypted data. In practice , when you use some Steganography, you must first select a vessel data according to the size of the embedding data.The vessel should be innocuous.Then,you embed the confidential data by using an embedding program (which is one component of the Steganography software ) together with some key .When extracting , you (or your party ) use an extracting program (another component) to recover the embedded data by the same key (â€Å"common key â€Å" in terms of cryptography ).In this case you need a â€Å"key negotiation â€Å" before you start communication. 2. Protection of data alteration: We take advantage of the fragility of the embedded data in this application area. The embedded data can rather be fragile than be very robust. Actually, embedded data are fragile in most steganography programs. However, this fragility opens a new direction toward an information-alteration protective system such as a Digital Certificate Document System. The most novel point among others is that no authentication bureau is needed. If it is implemented, people can send their digital certificate data to any place in the world through Internet. No one can forge, alter, nor tamper such certificate data. If forged, altered, or tampered, it is easily detected by the extraction program. 3. Access control system for digital content distribution: In this area embedded data is hidden, but is explained to publicize the content. Today, digital contents are getting more and more commonly distributed by Internet than ever before. For example, music companies release new albums on their Webpage in a free or charged manner. However, in this case, all the contents are equally distributed to the people who accessed the page. So, an ordinary Web distribution scheme is not suited for a case-by-case and selective distribution. Of course it is always possible to attach digital content to e-mail messages and send to the customers. But it will takes a lot of cost in time and labor. If you have some valuable content, which you think it is okay to provide others if they really need it, and if it is possible to upload such content on the Web in some covert manner. And if you can issue a special access key to extract the content selectively, you will be very happy about it. A steganographic scheme can help realize a this type of system. We have developed a prototype of an Access Control System for digital content distribution through Internet. The following steps explain the scheme. (1) A content owner classify his/her digital contents in a folder-by-folder manner, and embed the whole folders in some large vessel according to a steganographic method using folder access keys, and upload the embedded vessel (stego data) on his/her own Webpage. (2) On that Webpage the owner explains the contents in depth and publicize worldwide. The contact information to the owner (post mail address, e-mail address, phone number, etc.) will be posted there. (3) The owner may receive an access-request from a customer who watched that Webpage. In that case, the owner may (or may not) creates an access key and provide it to the customer (free or charged). In this mechanism the most important point is, a selective extraction is possible or not. 4. Media Database systems: In this application area of steganography secrecy is not important, but unifying two types of data into one is the most important. Media data (photo picture, movie, music, etc.) have some association with other information. A photo picture, for instance, may have the following. The title of the picture and some physical object information. The date and the time when the picture was taken. The camera and the photographers information. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING BACKGROUND: Digital image processing is an area that is characterized by the need for extensive experimental work to establish the viability of the proposed solutions to a given problem. An important characteristic which is underlying in the design of image processing systems is the significant level of testing the experimentation that normally required before arriving at an acceptable solution. This characteristic implies that the ability to formulate approaches quickly prototype candidate solutions generally plays a major role in reducing the cost time required to arrive at a viable system implementation. What is DIP? An image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x y are the spatial coordinates, the amplitude of function â€Å"f† at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that particular point. When both the coordinates x and y the amplitude values of function â€Å"f† all have finite discrete quantities, then we call that image as a digital image. The field DIP refers to processing a digital image by the means of a digital computer. A image which is composed of finite number of elements,each element has particular location and value is named as a digital image.These elements are called as pixels. As we know that vision is the most advanced of our sensor,so image play the single most important role in human perception.However, humans are limited to the visual band of the EM spectrum but the imaging machines cover almost the entire EM specturm,ranging from the gamma waves to radio waves.These can operate also on the images generated by the sources that humans are not accustomed to associating with the image. There is no agreement among the authors regarding where the image processing stops and other related areas such as the image analysis and computer vision start.Sometimes a difference is made by defining image processing as a discipline in which both the input output at a process are the images. This is limiting somewhat artificial boundary.The area which is present in between the image processing and computer vision is image analysis(Understanding image). There are no clear-cut boundaries in the continuum from the image processing at one end to complete vision at the other end . However, one useful paradigm is to consider the three types of computerized processes in this continuum: low-level, mid-level, the high-level processes.The Low-level process involves the primitive operations such as image processing which is used to reduce noise, contrast enhancement image sharpening. A low- level process is characterized by the fact that both the inputs outputs are images. Tasks such as segmentation, description of an object to reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing classification of individual objects is the Mid level process on images. A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that the inputs given to the image are generally images but the outputs are attributes extracted from those images. Finally the higher- level processing involves â€Å"Making sense† of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in image an alysis at the far end of the continuum performing the cognitive functions normally associated with human vision. As already defined Digital image processing, is used successfully in broad range of areas of exceptional social economic value. What is an image? An image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x y are the spatial coordinates, the amplitude of function â€Å"f† at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that particular point. Gray scale image: A grayscale image can be defined as a function I (xylem) of the two spatial coordinates of the image plane. Assume I(x, y)as the intensity of the image at the point (x, y) on the image plane. I (xylem) takes all non-negative values assume that the image is bounded by a rectangle [0, a]  ´[0, b]I: [0, a]  ´ [0, b]  ® [0, info) Color image: It can be represented by the three functions, as R (xylem) for red, G (xylem) for green andB (xylem) for blue. An image may be continuous with respect to x and y coordinates of the plane and also in the amplitude.Converting such an image into a digital form requires the coordinates and the amplitude to be digitized.Digitizing the values of the coordinates is called sampling. Digitizing the values of the amplitude is called quantization. Coordinate convention: The result which is generated by using sampling and quantization is a matrix of real numbers.There are two principal ways to represent the digital images.Assume that an image with function f(x,y) is sampled in such a way that the resulting image has M rows and N columns.then the size of the image is MXN.The values of coordinates (xylem) are the discrete quantites.For the notational clarity and convenience, we can use the integer values for these discrete coordinates. In many of the image processing books, the image origin is defined at (xylem)=(0,0).The values of the next coordinate along with the first row of the image are (xylem)=(0,1).It is very important to keep in our mind that the notation (0,1) is used to signify the second sample along with the first row. It does not mean that these are the actual values of the physical coordinates,when the image was sampled.The figure below shows the coordinates convention. Note that the x ranges from 0 to M-1 and y ranges from 0 to N-1 in i nteger increments. The coordinate convention which is used in the toolbox to denote arrays is different from that of the preceding paragraph in two minor ways. Firstly, instead of using (xylem) in the toolbox it uses the notation (race) to indicate the rows and the columns. Note:However,the order of coordinates are the same as in the previous paragraph, in the sense the first element of the coordinate topples, (alb), refers to a row and the second one to a column. The other difference is that the origin of the coordinate system is at (r, c) = (1, 1); r ranges from 1 to M and c from 1 to N in the integer increments.The documentation of the IPT refers to the coordinates. Less frequently toolbox also employs another coordinate convention called spatial coordinates, which uses x to refer to column and y to refer to row. This is the quite opposite of our use of variables x and y. Image as Matrices: The discussion which we have done leads to the following representation for a digitized image function: f (0,0) f(0,1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. f(0,N-1) f(1,0) f(1,1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ f(1,N-1) f(xylem)= . . . . . . f(M-1,0) f(M-1,1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ f(M-1,N-1) The right side of this equation represents a digital image by the definition. Each element which is in this array is called an image element, picture element, pixel or a pel. The terms image or pixel are used throughout the our discussions from now to denote a digital image and its elements. A digital image can be represented by a MATLAB matrix naturally as : f(1,1) f(1,2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. f(1,N) f(2,1) f(2,2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. f(2,N) . . . f = . . . f(M,1) f(M,2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.f(M,N) Where f(1,1) = f(0,0) (note use of a monoscope font to denote the MATLAB quantities). We can see clearly that the two representations are identical, except for the shift in the origin. The notation f(p ,q) denotes that the element is located in row p and the column q. For example f(6,2) denotes that the element is in the sixth row and second column of the matrix f. Typically here we use the letters M and N to denote the number of rows and columns respectively in a matrix. A 1xN matrix is known as a row vector whereas an Mx1 matrix is known as a column vector. A 11 matrix is a scalar matrix. Matrices in the MATLAB are stored in variables with different names such as A, a, RGB, real array etc All variables in Matlab must begin with a letter and can contain only letters, numerals and underscores. As noted previously,all the MATLAB quantities are written using the mono-scope characters. We use the conventional Roman or italic notation such as f(x ,y), for the mathematical expressions Reading Images: Using the function imread the images are read into the MATLAB environment. The syntax for this is: imread(‘filename) Format name Description recognized extension TIFF Tagged Image File Format .tif, .tiff JPEG Joint Photograph Experts Group .jpg, .jpeg GIF Graphics Interchange Format .gif BMP Windows Bitmap .bmp PNG Portable Network Graphics .png XWD X Window Dump .xwd Here filename is a string containing the complete image file(including applicable extensions if any).For example the command line >> f = imread (‘8. jpg); reads the JPEG (in the above table) image chestxray into image array f. Note that the use of the single quotes (‘) is to delimit the string filename. The semicolon at the end of a command line is used for suppressing output in the MATLAB. If the semicolon is not includedthen the MATLAB displays the results of the operation(s) specified only in that line. The prompt symbol(>>) says that it is the beginning of the command line, as it appears in the MATLAB command window. When in the preceding command line there is no path included in the filename, imread reads the file from current directory and if that fails then it tries to find the file in MATLAB search path. An easy way to read an image from a specified directory is to include a full or relative path to that directory in filename. For example, >> f = imread ( ‘E:myimageschestxray.jpg); This reads an image from a folder called myimages on the E: drive, whereas >> f = imread(‘ . myimageschestxray .jpg); It reads an image from myimages subdirectory of the current of the current working directory. Current directory window on the MATLAB desktop toolbar displays the MATLABs current working directory and provides a simple and a manual way to change it. The table above lists some of the most popular image/graphics formats supported by imread and imwrite. Function size gives the row and the column dimensions of an image: >> size (f) ans = 1024 * 1024 The above function is particularly useful in programming when used in the following form to automatically determine the size of an image: >>[M,N]=size(f); The syntax above returns the number of rows(M) and columns(N) present in the image. On whole the function displays the additional information about an array. For instance ,the statement >> whos f gives Name size Bytes Class F 1024*1024 1048576 unit8 array Grand total is 1048576 elements using 1048576 bytes The unit8 entry shown refers to one of the several MATLAB data classes. A semicolon at the end of a line has no effect ,so normally one is not used. Displaying Images: To diplay images on the MATLAB desktop we can use a function called imshow, which has the basic syntax: imshow(f,g) Where f is referred as an image array, and g as the number of intensity levels which are used to display it. If g is omitted here ,then by default it takes 256 levels .using the syntax imshow(f,{low high}) By using the above syntax it displays an image as black all values less than or equal to low and as white all values greater than or equal to high. The values which are in between are displayed as intermediate intensity values using the default number of levels .The final syntax is Imshow(f,[ ]) Sets the variable low to the minimum value of array f and high to its maximum value. This form of imshow is useful in displaying the images that have a low dynamic range or that have positive and negative values. Function named â€Å"pixval† is used frequently in order to display the intensity values of the individual pixels interactively. This function displays a cursor which is overlaid on an image. As and when the cursor is moved over the particular image with the mouse the coordinates of the cursor position and the corresponding intensity values are shown on the display that appears below the figure window .When working with the color images, the coordinates as well as the red, green and blue components are also displayed. If the left button of the mouse is clicked and then held pressed, pixval displays the Euclidean distance between the initial and the current cursor locations. The syntax form of interest here is Pixval which shows a cursor on the last image displayed. Clicking the button X on the cursor window turns it off. The following statements read from a disk an image called rose_512.tif extract basic information about that image and display it using imshow : >>f=imread(‘rose_512.tif); >>whos f Name Size Bytes Class F 512*512 262144 unit8 array Grand total is 262144 elements using 262144 bytes >>imshow(f) A semicolon at the end of an imshow line has no effect, so normally it is not used. If another image named g, is displayed using imshow, MATLAB replaces the image which is in the screen with the new image. To keep the first image and output the second image, we use a function figure as follows: >>figure ,imshow(g) Using the statement >>imshow(f),figure ,imshow(g) displays both the images. Keep in mind that more than one command can be written on a line ,as long as different commands are properly delimited by commas or semicolons. As mentioned, a semicolon is normally used whenever it is desired to suppress screen outputs from a command line. Suppose that we have just read an image h and find that using imshow produces an image. It is clearly understood that this image has a low dynamic range, which can be remedied for display purposes by using the statement. >>imshow(h,[ ]) WRITING IMAGES: By using the function imwrite images are written to disk ,which has the following basic syntax: Imwrite (f,filename) With the above syntax, the string which is contained in the filename must include a recognized file format extension.Alternatively, a desired format can be specified explicitly with a third input argument. >>imwrite(f,patient10_run1,tif) Or >>imwrite(f,patient10_run1.tif) In the above example the command writes f to a TIFF file named patient10_run1: If filename contains no information on the path of the file, then imwrite saves the file in the current working directory. The imwrite function can have some other parameters depending up on the e file format selected. Most of the work in the following chapter deals either with JPEG or TIFF images ,so we focus attention here on these formats. More general imwrite syntax which is applicable only to JPEG images is imwrite(f,filename.jpg,,quality,q) where q is an integer which is in between 0 and 100(the lower the number higher the degradation due to JPEG compression). For example, for q=25 the applicable syntax is >> imwrite(f,bubbles25.jpg,quality,25) The image for q=15 has false contouring which is barely visible, but this effect becomes quite applicable for q=5 and q=0.Thus, an expectable solution with some margin for error is to compress all the images with q=25.In order to get an idea of compression achieved and to obtain other image file details, we can use the function imfinfo which has syntax. Imfinfo filename Here filename implies the complete file name of the image stored in the disk. For example, >> imfinfo bubbles25.jpg outputs the following information(note that some fields contain no information in this case): Filename: ‘bubbles25.jpg FileModDate: 04-jan-2003 12:31:26 FileSize: 13849 Format: ‘jpg Format Version: ‘ ‘ Width: 714 Height: 682 Bit Depth: 8 Color Depth: ‘grayscale Format Signature: ‘ ‘ Comment: { } Where size of the file is in bytes. The number of bytes in the original image is simply corrupted by multiplying width by height by bit depth and then dividing the result by 8. The result is 486948.Dividing file size gives the compression ratio:(486948/13849)=35.16.This compression ratio was achieved. While maintaining the image quality consistent with the requirements of the appearance. In addition to obvious advantages in storage space, this reduction allows the transmission of approximately 35 times the amount of uncompressed data per unit time. The information fields which are displayed by imfinfo can be captured to a so called structure variable that can be for the subsequent computations. Using the receding example and assigning the n Image Based Steganographyusing LSB Insertion Technique Image Based Steganographyusing LSB Insertion Technique ABSTRACT Steganography is a technique used to hide the message in vessel data by embedding it. The Vessel Data which is visible is known as external information and the data which is embedded is called as internal information.The extrenal information is not much useful to the data owner. The techniques used in Steganography makes hard to detect hidden message within an image file. By this technique we are not only sending a message but also we are hiding the message. Steganography system is designed to encode and decode a secret file embedded in image file with a random Least Significant Bit(LSB) insertion technique. By using this technique the secret data are spread out among the image data in a random manner with the help of a secret key. The key generates pseudorandom numbers and identifies where and in which order hidden message is laid out. The advantage of using this method is that it includes cryptography. In cryptography, diffusion is applied to secret message. INTRODUCTION: The information communicated comes in number of forms and is used in various number of applications. In large number of these applications, it is desired that the communication has to be done in secrete. Such secret communication ranges from the obvious cases of bank transfers, corporate communications, and credit card purchases,and large percentage of everyday e-mail. Steganography is an ancient art of embedding a message in such a way that no one,except the sender and the recipient,suspects the existence of the message. Most of the newer applications use Steganography as a watermark, to protect a copy right on information. The forms of Steganography vary, but unsurprisingly, innocuous spam messages are turning up more often containing embedded text. A new transform domain technique for embedding the secret information in the integer wavelet which is transformed on a cover image is implemented here. A technique which is used to scramble a secrete or a confidential message in order to make it unreadable for a third party is known as the Cryptography.Now-a-days its commonly used in the internet communications.cryptography can hide the content of the message but it cant hide the location of the secrete message.This is how the attackers can target even an encrypted message.Water marking is the another information of hiding the digital data or a picture or musical sound.The main purpose of this watermarking information is to protect the copyright or the ownership of the data.In this technique the robustness of the embedded evidence,that can be very small, is the most important.The external information which is visible is the valuable information in the watermarking technique. steganography is a technique which is used to make the confidential information imperceptible to the human eyes by embedding the message in some dummy data such as the digital image or a speech sound.There is a research topic about the steganography known as the steganalysis.The main objective of this steganalysis is to find out the stego file among the given files.It is a technique which is used to detect the suspicious image or sound file which is embedded with the crime related information.So,we need to make a sniffer-dog-program to break the steganography.However,it is too difficult to make a program that really works. All the traditional steganography techniques have very limited information-hiding capacity.They can hide only 10% (or less) of the data amounts of the vessel.This is because the principle of those techniques which were either to replace a special part of the frequency components of the vessel image, or to replace all the least significant bits which are present in a multivalued image with the secrete information.In the new steganography which we are using uses an image as the vesel data, and we need to embed the secrete information in to the bit planes of the vessel.The percentage of information hiding capacity of a true color image is around 50.All the noise-like regions in the bit planes of the vessel image can be replaced with the secret data without deteriorating the quality of the image,which is known as BPCS-Steganography, which stands for Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation Steganography. BACKGROUND HISTORY: The word Steganography is of Greek origin and means â€Å"covered, or hidden writing†. Its ancient origins can be traced back to 440BC. THEORY: Steganography is a technique which is used now a days to make confidential information imperceptible to the human eyes by embedding it in to some innocent looking vessel data or a dummy data such as a digital image or a speech sound.In a multi bit data structure a typical vessel is defined as a color image having Red,Green and blue components in it.By using a special extracting program and a key the embedded information can be extracted,the technique of steganography is totally different from file deception or file camouflage techniques. A technique to hide the secrete data in a computer file which almost looks like a steganography is known as a file deception or file camouflage.But actually, it is defined as a trick which is used to disguise a secret-data-added file as a normal file.This can be done as most of the computer file formats have some dont-care portion in one file.For instance if we take some file formats as jpeg,mpeg3 or some word file these looks like the original image,sound or document respectively on the computer.Some of them could have misunderstood that such a trick is a type of Steganography.However,such files can have an extra lengthy file sizes, and they can be easily detected by most of the computer engineers.So, by this we can understand that the file deception is totally different from that of the steganographic techinque which we are discussing here. Many of the Steganography software which is in the market today is based on the file decepetion.If we find a steganography program that increases the output file size just by the amount we have embedded, then the program is obviously a file deception.If there is some secrete data then we should encrypt in such a way that it is not readable for the third party.A solution to Keep secrete information very safe is known as Data Encryption.It is totally based on scrambling the data by using some type of the secrete key. However,encrypting the data will draw more attention of the people who have not encrypted the data.So, it is very to the owner to know whether the data is encrypted or not.By, this we can know that the encrypting is not enough. There is another solution which is known steganography. There are two types of data in steganography, one is the secret data that is very valuable and the other is a type of media data vessel or carrier or dummy data.Vessel data is essential, but it is not so valuable.It is defined as the data in which the valuable data is embedded. The data which is already embedded in the vessel data is called stego data.By using the stego data we can extract the secret or the valuable data. For embedding and extracting the data we need a special program and a key. A typical vessel is an image data with Red, Green, and Blue color components present in it in a 24 bits pixel structure. The illustration below shows a general scheme of Steganography. Steganography is a technique which is used to hide secret data by embedding it in some innocent looking media data like Mona lisa in the above picture.The data which is embedded is very safe because Steganography hides both the content and the location of the secret information.In the media data there are many different methods to embed the data.It is highly impossible to detect which method is used for embedding the data.Steganography can co-operate with cryptography in the sense that it can embed the encrypted secret data and make it much safer. The most important point in the steganography technique is that the stego data does not have any evidence that some extra data is embedded there.In other way, the vessel data and the stego data must be very similar.The user of the steganography should discard the original vessel data after embedding,so that no one can compare the stego and the original data. It is also important that the capacity for embedding the data is large.As it is larger it is better.Of all the currently available steganography methods the BPCS method is the best. LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT INSERTION One of the most common techniques used in Steganographytoday is called least significant bit (LSB) insertion. This method is exactly what it sounds like; the least significant bits of the cover-image are altered so that they form the embeddedinformation. The following example shows how the letter A can be hidden in the first eight bytes of three pixels in a 24-bit image. Pixels: (00100111 11101001 11001000) (00100111 11001000 11101001) (11001000 00100111 11101001) A: 01000001 Result: (00100110 11101001 11001000) (00100110 11001000 11101000) (11001000 00100111 11101001) The three underlined bits are the only three bits that were actually altered. LSB insertion requires on average that only half the bits in an image be changed. Since the 8-bit letter A only requires eight bytes to hide it in, the ninth byte of the three pixels can be used to begin hiding the next character of the hidden message. A slight variation of this technique allows for embedding the message in two or more of the least significant bits per byte. This increases the hidden information capacity of the cover-object, but the cover-object is degraded more, and therefore it is more detectable. Other variations on this technique include ensuring that statistical changes in the image do not occur. Some intelligent software also checks for areas that are made up of one solid color. Changes in these pixels are then avoided because slight changes would cause noticeable variations in the area .While LSB insertion is easy to implement, it is also easily attacked. Slight modifications in the color palette and simple image manipulations will destroy the entire hidden message. Some examples of these simple image manipulations include image resizing and cropping. Applications of Steganography : Steganography is applicable to, but not limited to, the following areas. Confidential communication and secret data storing. Protection of data alteration Access control system for digital content distribution. Media Database systems. The area differs in what feature of the Steganography is utilized in each system. 1. Confidential communication and secret data storing: The â€Å"secrecy† of the embedded data is essential in this area. Historically, Steganography have been approached in this area.Steganography provides us with: (A).Potential capacity to hide the existence of confidential data. (B).Hardness of detecting the hidden (i.e., embedded ) data. (C).Strengthening of the secrecy of the encrypted data. In practice , when you use some Steganography, you must first select a vessel data according to the size of the embedding data.The vessel should be innocuous.Then,you embed the confidential data by using an embedding program (which is one component of the Steganography software ) together with some key .When extracting , you (or your party ) use an extracting program (another component) to recover the embedded data by the same key (â€Å"common key â€Å" in terms of cryptography ).In this case you need a â€Å"key negotiation â€Å" before you start communication. 2. Protection of data alteration: We take advantage of the fragility of the embedded data in this application area. The embedded data can rather be fragile than be very robust. Actually, embedded data are fragile in most steganography programs. However, this fragility opens a new direction toward an information-alteration protective system such as a Digital Certificate Document System. The most novel point among others is that no authentication bureau is needed. If it is implemented, people can send their digital certificate data to any place in the world through Internet. No one can forge, alter, nor tamper such certificate data. If forged, altered, or tampered, it is easily detected by the extraction program. 3. Access control system for digital content distribution: In this area embedded data is hidden, but is explained to publicize the content. Today, digital contents are getting more and more commonly distributed by Internet than ever before. For example, music companies release new albums on their Webpage in a free or charged manner. However, in this case, all the contents are equally distributed to the people who accessed the page. So, an ordinary Web distribution scheme is not suited for a case-by-case and selective distribution. Of course it is always possible to attach digital content to e-mail messages and send to the customers. But it will takes a lot of cost in time and labor. If you have some valuable content, which you think it is okay to provide others if they really need it, and if it is possible to upload such content on the Web in some covert manner. And if you can issue a special access key to extract the content selectively, you will be very happy about it. A steganographic scheme can help realize a this type of system. We have developed a prototype of an Access Control System for digital content distribution through Internet. The following steps explain the scheme. (1) A content owner classify his/her digital contents in a folder-by-folder manner, and embed the whole folders in some large vessel according to a steganographic method using folder access keys, and upload the embedded vessel (stego data) on his/her own Webpage. (2) On that Webpage the owner explains the contents in depth and publicize worldwide. The contact information to the owner (post mail address, e-mail address, phone number, etc.) will be posted there. (3) The owner may receive an access-request from a customer who watched that Webpage. In that case, the owner may (or may not) creates an access key and provide it to the customer (free or charged). In this mechanism the most important point is, a selective extraction is possible or not. 4. Media Database systems: In this application area of steganography secrecy is not important, but unifying two types of data into one is the most important. Media data (photo picture, movie, music, etc.) have some association with other information. A photo picture, for instance, may have the following. The title of the picture and some physical object information. The date and the time when the picture was taken. The camera and the photographers information. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING BACKGROUND: Digital image processing is an area that is characterized by the need for extensive experimental work to establish the viability of the proposed solutions to a given problem. An important characteristic which is underlying in the design of image processing systems is the significant level of testing the experimentation that normally required before arriving at an acceptable solution. This characteristic implies that the ability to formulate approaches quickly prototype candidate solutions generally plays a major role in reducing the cost time required to arrive at a viable system implementation. What is DIP? An image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x y are the spatial coordinates, the amplitude of function â€Å"f† at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that particular point. When both the coordinates x and y the amplitude values of function â€Å"f† all have finite discrete quantities, then we call that image as a digital image. The field DIP refers to processing a digital image by the means of a digital computer. A image which is composed of finite number of elements,each element has particular location and value is named as a digital image.These elements are called as pixels. As we know that vision is the most advanced of our sensor,so image play the single most important role in human perception.However, humans are limited to the visual band of the EM spectrum but the imaging machines cover almost the entire EM specturm,ranging from the gamma waves to radio waves.These can operate also on the images generated by the sources that humans are not accustomed to associating with the image. There is no agreement among the authors regarding where the image processing stops and other related areas such as the image analysis and computer vision start.Sometimes a difference is made by defining image processing as a discipline in which both the input output at a process are the images. This is limiting somewhat artificial boundary.The area which is present in between the image processing and computer vision is image analysis(Understanding image). There are no clear-cut boundaries in the continuum from the image processing at one end to complete vision at the other end . However, one useful paradigm is to consider the three types of computerized processes in this continuum: low-level, mid-level, the high-level processes.The Low-level process involves the primitive operations such as image processing which is used to reduce noise, contrast enhancement image sharpening. A low- level process is characterized by the fact that both the inputs outputs are images. Tasks such as segmentation, description of an object to reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing classification of individual objects is the Mid level process on images. A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that the inputs given to the image are generally images but the outputs are attributes extracted from those images. Finally the higher- level processing involves â€Å"Making sense† of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in image an alysis at the far end of the continuum performing the cognitive functions normally associated with human vision. As already defined Digital image processing, is used successfully in broad range of areas of exceptional social economic value. What is an image? An image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x y are the spatial coordinates, the amplitude of function â€Å"f† at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that particular point. Gray scale image: A grayscale image can be defined as a function I (xylem) of the two spatial coordinates of the image plane. Assume I(x, y)as the intensity of the image at the point (x, y) on the image plane. I (xylem) takes all non-negative values assume that the image is bounded by a rectangle [0, a]  ´[0, b]I: [0, a]  ´ [0, b]  ® [0, info) Color image: It can be represented by the three functions, as R (xylem) for red, G (xylem) for green andB (xylem) for blue. An image may be continuous with respect to x and y coordinates of the plane and also in the amplitude.Converting such an image into a digital form requires the coordinates and the amplitude to be digitized.Digitizing the values of the coordinates is called sampling. Digitizing the values of the amplitude is called quantization. Coordinate convention: The result which is generated by using sampling and quantization is a matrix of real numbers.There are two principal ways to represent the digital images.Assume that an image with function f(x,y) is sampled in such a way that the resulting image has M rows and N columns.then the size of the image is MXN.The values of coordinates (xylem) are the discrete quantites.For the notational clarity and convenience, we can use the integer values for these discrete coordinates. In many of the image processing books, the image origin is defined at (xylem)=(0,0).The values of the next coordinate along with the first row of the image are (xylem)=(0,1).It is very important to keep in our mind that the notation (0,1) is used to signify the second sample along with the first row. It does not mean that these are the actual values of the physical coordinates,when the image was sampled.The figure below shows the coordinates convention. Note that the x ranges from 0 to M-1 and y ranges from 0 to N-1 in i nteger increments. The coordinate convention which is used in the toolbox to denote arrays is different from that of the preceding paragraph in two minor ways. Firstly, instead of using (xylem) in the toolbox it uses the notation (race) to indicate the rows and the columns. Note:However,the order of coordinates are the same as in the previous paragraph, in the sense the first element of the coordinate topples, (alb), refers to a row and the second one to a column. The other difference is that the origin of the coordinate system is at (r, c) = (1, 1); r ranges from 1 to M and c from 1 to N in the integer increments.The documentation of the IPT refers to the coordinates. Less frequently toolbox also employs another coordinate convention called spatial coordinates, which uses x to refer to column and y to refer to row. This is the quite opposite of our use of variables x and y. Image as Matrices: The discussion which we have done leads to the following representation for a digitized image function: f (0,0) f(0,1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. f(0,N-1) f(1,0) f(1,1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ f(1,N-1) f(xylem)= . . . . . . f(M-1,0) f(M-1,1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ f(M-1,N-1) The right side of this equation represents a digital image by the definition. Each element which is in this array is called an image element, picture element, pixel or a pel. The terms image or pixel are used throughout the our discussions from now to denote a digital image and its elements. A digital image can be represented by a MATLAB matrix naturally as : f(1,1) f(1,2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. f(1,N) f(2,1) f(2,2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. f(2,N) . . . f = . . . f(M,1) f(M,2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.f(M,N) Where f(1,1) = f(0,0) (note use of a monoscope font to denote the MATLAB quantities). We can see clearly that the two representations are identical, except for the shift in the origin. The notation f(p ,q) denotes that the element is located in row p and the column q. For example f(6,2) denotes that the element is in the sixth row and second column of the matrix f. Typically here we use the letters M and N to denote the number of rows and columns respectively in a matrix. A 1xN matrix is known as a row vector whereas an Mx1 matrix is known as a column vector. A 11 matrix is a scalar matrix. Matrices in the MATLAB are stored in variables with different names such as A, a, RGB, real array etc All variables in Matlab must begin with a letter and can contain only letters, numerals and underscores. As noted previously,all the MATLAB quantities are written using the mono-scope characters. We use the conventional Roman or italic notation such as f(x ,y), for the mathematical expressions Reading Images: Using the function imread the images are read into the MATLAB environment. The syntax for this is: imread(‘filename) Format name Description recognized extension TIFF Tagged Image File Format .tif, .tiff JPEG Joint Photograph Experts Group .jpg, .jpeg GIF Graphics Interchange Format .gif BMP Windows Bitmap .bmp PNG Portable Network Graphics .png XWD X Window Dump .xwd Here filename is a string containing the complete image file(including applicable extensions if any).For example the command line >> f = imread (‘8. jpg); reads the JPEG (in the above table) image chestxray into image array f. Note that the use of the single quotes (‘) is to delimit the string filename. The semicolon at the end of a command line is used for suppressing output in the MATLAB. If the semicolon is not includedthen the MATLAB displays the results of the operation(s) specified only in that line. The prompt symbol(>>) says that it is the beginning of the command line, as it appears in the MATLAB command window. When in the preceding command line there is no path included in the filename, imread reads the file from current directory and if that fails then it tries to find the file in MATLAB search path. An easy way to read an image from a specified directory is to include a full or relative path to that directory in filename. For example, >> f = imread ( ‘E:myimageschestxray.jpg); This reads an image from a folder called myimages on the E: drive, whereas >> f = imread(‘ . myimageschestxray .jpg); It reads an image from myimages subdirectory of the current of the current working directory. Current directory window on the MATLAB desktop toolbar displays the MATLABs current working directory and provides a simple and a manual way to change it. The table above lists some of the most popular image/graphics formats supported by imread and imwrite. Function size gives the row and the column dimensions of an image: >> size (f) ans = 1024 * 1024 The above function is particularly useful in programming when used in the following form to automatically determine the size of an image: >>[M,N]=size(f); The syntax above returns the number of rows(M) and columns(N) present in the image. On whole the function displays the additional information about an array. For instance ,the statement >> whos f gives Name size Bytes Class F 1024*1024 1048576 unit8 array Grand total is 1048576 elements using 1048576 bytes The unit8 entry shown refers to one of the several MATLAB data classes. A semicolon at the end of a line has no effect ,so normally one is not used. Displaying Images: To diplay images on the MATLAB desktop we can use a function called imshow, which has the basic syntax: imshow(f,g) Where f is referred as an image array, and g as the number of intensity levels which are used to display it. If g is omitted here ,then by default it takes 256 levels .using the syntax imshow(f,{low high}) By using the above syntax it displays an image as black all values less than or equal to low and as white all values greater than or equal to high. The values which are in between are displayed as intermediate intensity values using the default number of levels .The final syntax is Imshow(f,[ ]) Sets the variable low to the minimum value of array f and high to its maximum value. This form of imshow is useful in displaying the images that have a low dynamic range or that have positive and negative values. Function named â€Å"pixval† is used frequently in order to display the intensity values of the individual pixels interactively. This function displays a cursor which is overlaid on an image. As and when the cursor is moved over the particular image with the mouse the coordinates of the cursor position and the corresponding intensity values are shown on the display that appears below the figure window .When working with the color images, the coordinates as well as the red, green and blue components are also displayed. If the left button of the mouse is clicked and then held pressed, pixval displays the Euclidean distance between the initial and the current cursor locations. The syntax form of interest here is Pixval which shows a cursor on the last image displayed. Clicking the button X on the cursor window turns it off. The following statements read from a disk an image called rose_512.tif extract basic information about that image and display it using imshow : >>f=imread(‘rose_512.tif); >>whos f Name Size Bytes Class F 512*512 262144 unit8 array Grand total is 262144 elements using 262144 bytes >>imshow(f) A semicolon at the end of an imshow line has no effect, so normally it is not used. If another image named g, is displayed using imshow, MATLAB replaces the image which is in the screen with the new image. To keep the first image and output the second image, we use a function figure as follows: >>figure ,imshow(g) Using the statement >>imshow(f),figure ,imshow(g) displays both the images. Keep in mind that more than one command can be written on a line ,as long as different commands are properly delimited by commas or semicolons. As mentioned, a semicolon is normally used whenever it is desired to suppress screen outputs from a command line. Suppose that we have just read an image h and find that using imshow produces an image. It is clearly understood that this image has a low dynamic range, which can be remedied for display purposes by using the statement. >>imshow(h,[ ]) WRITING IMAGES: By using the function imwrite images are written to disk ,which has the following basic syntax: Imwrite (f,filename) With the above syntax, the string which is contained in the filename must include a recognized file format extension.Alternatively, a desired format can be specified explicitly with a third input argument. >>imwrite(f,patient10_run1,tif) Or >>imwrite(f,patient10_run1.tif) In the above example the command writes f to a TIFF file named patient10_run1: If filename contains no information on the path of the file, then imwrite saves the file in the current working directory. The imwrite function can have some other parameters depending up on the e file format selected. Most of the work in the following chapter deals either with JPEG or TIFF images ,so we focus attention here on these formats. More general imwrite syntax which is applicable only to JPEG images is imwrite(f,filename.jpg,,quality,q) where q is an integer which is in between 0 and 100(the lower the number higher the degradation due to JPEG compression). For example, for q=25 the applicable syntax is >> imwrite(f,bubbles25.jpg,quality,25) The image for q=15 has false contouring which is barely visible, but this effect becomes quite applicable for q=5 and q=0.Thus, an expectable solution with some margin for error is to compress all the images with q=25.In order to get an idea of compression achieved and to obtain other image file details, we can use the function imfinfo which has syntax. Imfinfo filename Here filename implies the complete file name of the image stored in the disk. For example, >> imfinfo bubbles25.jpg outputs the following information(note that some fields contain no information in this case): Filename: ‘bubbles25.jpg FileModDate: 04-jan-2003 12:31:26 FileSize: 13849 Format: ‘jpg Format Version: ‘ ‘ Width: 714 Height: 682 Bit Depth: 8 Color Depth: ‘grayscale Format Signature: ‘ ‘ Comment: { } Where size of the file is in bytes. The number of bytes in the original image is simply corrupted by multiplying width by height by bit depth and then dividing the result by 8. The result is 486948.Dividing file size gives the compression ratio:(486948/13849)=35.16.This compression ratio was achieved. While maintaining the image quality consistent with the requirements of the appearance. In addition to obvious advantages in storage space, this reduction allows the transmission of approximately 35 times the amount of uncompressed data per unit time. The information fields which are displayed by imfinfo can be captured to a so called structure variable that can be for the subsequent computations. Using the receding example and assigning the n