The Theory Of Biology And Libidinal Drives - 1025 Words

Introduction Although a follower of Freud, Eric Erickson preferred to reject the idea of biology and libidinal drives. Unlike others of his era he was not trained in the sciences and believed that human interaction was the basis for forming the individual’s personality. Out of this belief came the idea of his Eight Stages of Development (Sougstad, 2017). Unique to his theory at the time was the inclusion of all ages rather than only encompassing early development. Each of these stages includes a crisis that must be resolved to move from one stage to the next. Our ability to move through these stages is impacted by factors including our own biological development as well as environmental factors. According to Erickson there is a†¦show more content†¦However, if there is a failure for this attachment to form and the mother infant relationship does not grow this can produce a stress response in the infant and prevent them from developing fully. As is widely accepted humans are imp arted with a social brain and require input from those around them to grow and develop properly. Neglecting to provide adequate stimulation and provide a â€Å"serve and return† interaction with the infant fails to provide the human interaction that is critical for development (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2013). This idea of â€Å"serve and return† is essential for the developing brain and involves a two-way interaction between the infant and mother or caregiver. While this idea of â€Å"serve and return† may look different across cultures there are certain expectations each culture has of its mothers about meeting the needs of attachment to their children (Small, 1997). These expectations in turn have an impact on shaping children into socially acceptable adults in their culture. Failure to develop at this stage could have long lasting effects on the infant affecting their ability to empathize, love, develop their moral conscience and show care for others. A separate, but equally important factor that could have an impact on proper infant development is post-partum depression. A mother struggling with post-partum depression may find it difficult to provide the care and nurturing her new infant needs. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Infant Development1350 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was the first to develop a theory of human development with a focus on unconscious processes and instincts. Freud believed unconscious conflicts in early childhood can determine who a person will be in adulthood. He also believed that the mind contains three parts known as the id, ego, and superego, which govern a person’s judgment (Frank, 2013). The id, which Freud believed to be present at birth, is viewed as the childlike part of the unconscious. ItRead MorePsychology in Greek Philosophy, Paragraphs1403 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy). Aristotle main ph ilosophical objective was to come up with a universal process of reasoning that would allow man to learn every conceivable thing about reality. In addition to philosophy, Aristotle was interested in geology, marine biology, and meteorology. He also developed the dialectical method in logic, not in the Socratic sense of the dialogue, but as a process consisting of thesis, antithesis and synthesis, which then became the new thesis. This was one of (if not the) mainRead MoreFreud s Theories Of Human Sexual Development Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pagesan integral part of the human experience, it is no surprise, then, that various prominent thinkers have created theories based upon stages of human sexual development. Arguably one of the most influential theories of human sexual development are Sigmund Freud’s stages of psychosexual development (Freud, 1905/1962). While this entry seeks to give the reader an overview of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, it is al so a worthwhile venture to include the environmental, societal and philosophicalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Iago’s Scheming in Shakespeares Othello Essay - 839 Words

Iago’s Scheming in Othello Iago is a powerful predator who exploits those around him by infecting their perceptions of truth with carefully chosen fallacy. His skill in finding the proverbial chinks in others armor allows him to skillfully weave his machinations of destroying Othello into their minds and actions; by manipulating characters perceptions of Desdemona, Iago gains the leverage he needs to exploit each character. No one is impervious to Iagos seething purpose; even Othello falls prey to Iagos suggestions and insinuations about Desdemona. Iagos constant presence as the stager, as well as his ceaseless - but subtle - reinforcement of events through narration, allows him to be the pivotal force that directs†¦show more content†¦Othello, not knowing that Cassio was in fact speaking with Desdemona in hopes of being reinstated as Lieutenant, mistakenly believes that the two are having an affair and that Desdemona has lost her chastity. Iago skillfully capitalizes on the situation by developing hi s attack further: She did deceive her father, marrying you (3.3.220). Othello begins to see Iagos reasoning: if she could deceive her father, she could just as easily deceive her new husband. Once Othellos bliss has been decimated, Iago concentrates on weakening Othellos perception of himself; Iago very carefully and very tactfully chooses words and metaphors that subconsciously pit Othello against the Venetians. Othello begins to perceive himself as an outsider in his own country, a malignant and turbaned Turk (5.2.365). A fruitful marriage with a Venetian woman becomes out of the question in Othellos mind. Iagos successful manipulation takes a self-confidant man and reduces him to one at ends with himself and with the woman he loved. Iagos omnipresence is vital to his success; only when present in a scene is he able to manipulate the characters and, more importantly, interpret the scenes for the benefit of those witnessing the events. In the first scene of the fifth act, after killing Roderigo and after Cassio passes out, Iago senses the chance to engage in a bit of creative staging. Iago, left uncontested,Show MoreRelatedShakespeares Portrayal of Themes of Deception and Jealousy in Othello642 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Portrayal of Themes of Deception and Jealousy in Othello The main characters in relation to jealousy in the play are Othello and Desdemona. Desdemona is the object of Othellos jealousy, which is planted in his mind by Iagos deception. This enhances Othellos position in the minds of the audience as the tragic hero, and deeply links these two themes. The very status of being the tragic hero in the minds of the audience enhances our sense of his deceptionRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello 992 Words   |  4 PagesMorrison Professor Connor Shakespeare 340 Midterm Paper, Prompt 5 7 April 2016 A Black Iago Othello is, in the opinion of many, one of Shakespeare’s most prolific plays. It broke the mold by assigning the lead protagonist role to a black man, and the central love story is of that between this older black man and a young white woman. Othello has perhaps the most wicked- and likable- villain in all of Shakespeare’s work. It has love- both fulfilled and unrequited, family conflict, rebelling daughters,Read MoreExamples Of Othello As A Revenge Tragedy1022 Words   |  5 Pagesrespectable hero and a moment of peripeteia. The intertwining of jealousy, deception, murder, suicide and scheming in William Shakespeare’s Othello creates a strong base for a classic revenge tragedy. It is also not only Shakespeare’s adherence to these traditional conventions but rather his ability to manipulate and transform them effectively to captivate crowds of differing classes. Shakespeares apt characterisation, employment of conventions and structuring all collectively contribute to make forRead More Appearnce Vs. Reality Othello Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesI am.† What is Iago? Iago’s actual personality is quite distant from what he pretends to be. In Shakespeare’s Othello, the reader is presented the classic battle between good and evil. It is these forces of evil that ultimately lead to the breakdown of Othello. Othellos breakdown results in the murder of his wife Desdemona. Desdemona is representative of the good in nature. Good can be defined as forgiving, honest, innocent and unsuspecting. The evil contained within Othello is by no means magicalRead MoreEssay about Racism in Othello862 Words   |  4 PagesRacism is inextricably linked to the story of Othello and presents several universal themes, still prominent in modern society. It is this that questions what sort of message Shakespeare intended to convey to his audience; was Othello the black ‘moor’, portrayed as a tragic hero? Or did his character ev entually come to resemble the prejudices of which he was a victim? A text rich with ethical debate, Othello is a story of black and white, culture, fate, and ultimately good versus bad. Racial ‘otherness’Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesOthello speaks to Iago in Act Three of the play saying, â€Å"certain, men should be what they seem† (3.3.131). This excerpt foreshadow events in which Othello will begin to question the actions and morality of Cassio and Desdemona, all orchestrated by Iago’s scheming nature. This is a very important concept to showcase because Othello devoutly loves Desdemona and trusts Cassio until conniving language from Iago causes him to think otherwise. Drawing on Shakespeare’s source story by Cinthio and otherRead MoreIago’s Jealousy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesIago’s Jealousy In Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, good is often confronted by evil, in which almost every case is in the form of jealousy. Iago, the plays antagonist, is a very manipulative villain. Iago uses his own agony and distress brought upon him by his envy of others, to provoke the same agony within the characters in the play. Jealousy’s ability are shown to influence people to new ends and make all humanistic judgment disappear leaving that man a monster torn apart by envy. Jealousy’sRead MoreNature of Evil in Othello1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nature Of Evil In Othello The Nature of Evil in Othello William Shakespeare’s Othello uses different and unique techniques in his language to express the nature of evil throughout the play. Verbal twists and the characters most importantly stress the act of evil. Iago, most of all is portrayed as the â€Å"villain† or â€Å"protagonist in the play. Shakespeare uses this character to set the basis of evil. Each plot point is spiraled further into tragedy due to the nature of Iago and his manipulativeRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1241 Words   |  5 PagesOthello, a play written in the setting of Venice City during a period of war between Venice and Turkey in the 16 century is one of the numerous William Shakespeare’s plays. Othello a middle-aged black moor who is also a general in the defense forces marries Desdemona, a white aristocratic lady against the wishes of her father. Their love, however, does not have the happily ever after ending due to the manipulations, deceptions, and scheming of Iago who is driven by revenge and selfish ambitions.Read More‚Äà ºIago Is an Evil Genius‚Äà ¹ Discuss1135 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play Othello, Iago is seen by many as an honest and trustworthy person, though in reality he is a man of deceit and malevolence. This duplicitous nature of Iago’s is arguably one of Shakespeare’s most intriguing antagonists. From the outset, the audience is immediately drawn in by his sinister, yet unclear motives by revealing to them – â€Å"I am not what I am†. Iago is truly an evil character: he is extremely immoral and wicked, associating himself with the devil. He shows no

Illness Through The Eye Of The Beholder - 1425 Words

Illness Through the Eye of the Beholder Because identities are both externally prescribed and internally experienced, it is crucial that we evaluate the methodology by which medical professionals identify and treat illnesses. At the point where suffering is unique to each individual, it is important that we also consider the tools that each person has to describe their symptomology, as to elucidate their suffering in the context of the clinical perspective so that appropriate resources and treatments would be made available to them. One such methodology used to understand illnesses is known as the â€Å"illness narrative† in which Dr. Arthur Kleinman describes in his book, The Illness Narratives, as â€Å"[An] alternative therapeutic approach [originating] in the reconceptualization of medical care as (1) empathic witnessing of the existential experience of suffering and (2) practical coping with the major psychosocial crises that constitute the menacing chronicity of that ex perience† (10). Kleinman argues that this type of engagement between the doctor and the patient is key to the recovery process of the patient. However, his argument relies on one, the effectiveness of empathy through storytelling within the doctor-patient relationship, and two, the ability of the doctor to fully understand the illness experience depicted by the patient. These two implicit assumptions are contested by Toni Morrison in her novel, Home, where she asserts that we cannot fully empathize with another’sShow MoreRelatedThe Causes and Effects of Stress1901 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder†. This is a saying that carries the meaning that one’s beauty is perceived differently through different eyes or different individuals. What may seem beautiful to one person may not be beautiful to another. The same goes for the statement that â€Å"Stress is in the eyes of the beholder†. Stress from the perspective of poetry is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others; the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythmRead MoreWestern Civ Continuous or Discontinuous1411 Words   |  6 Pagesof mental illness. We tend to wonder if a mental illness if just an ordinary person taking something to an extreme, or if it is just a matter of degree. I think there is a difference in the way someone with a mental illness experiences reality. There are so many different kinds of mental illnesses so it is far more complicated than a single entity. There is even debate out there as to w hat exactly is considered a mental illness versus what is not. I guess to some it is all in the eyes of the beholderRead MoreStress is in the Eyes of the Beholders2257 Words   |  10 PagesINSPIRATIONAL STORY 5 5.0 HOW TO MANAGE STRESS. 7 REFERENCES. 9 Stress is in the Eyes of the Beholders. 1.0 INTRODUCTION What is stress? According to a journal, Stress is a state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life, works, family and many more. It is also something that causes strong feelings of worry or anxiety and physical force or pressure. What is that means with stress is in the eyes of the beholder? It means that others may think differently than I do about stress, how theyRead MoreAutobiography of a Face: Lucy Grealy1611 Words   |  7 PagesAutobiography of a Face: Lucy Grealy The psychology of beauty is complex not just because the concept of beauty is as yet undefined, but also because it is largely true that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder or how individuals perceive other people or things. The importance of beauty has been taught since the first civilizations. It is known that the cave people of the Mesolithic period (around 10,000 B.C.) softened their skin with castor oil and grease, and also used plant dyesRead More Professionalism in Nursing Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesclients; Attitude, Values, Communication techniques, and approachability. Clients who display a committed, dependable attitude will benefit more from work exerted, and overall be rewarded with incentives. Although professionalism may be in the eye of the beholder. A profession is defined as a trade or vocation, mainly one that involves some sort of higher education or special training. Professionalism is a stature that the client must maintain when in the workplace because of the standards he or sheRead MoreProfessionalism: What It Is and Why It Is Important in Nursing?1235 Words   |  5 Pagesclients, attitudes, values, communication techniques and approachability. Clients who display a committed, dependable attitude will benefit more from work exerted and overall be rewarded with incentives. Although professionalism may be in the eye of the beholder, a profession is defined as trade or vocation, mainly one that involves some sort of higher education or social training. Professionalism is a stature that the client must maintain when in the work place because of the standards he or she isRead MoreThe Most Tragic of Heroes828 Words   |  3 PagesTragedy, like comedy, is in the eyes of the beholder and what makes a particular fictional char acter more tragic than another can be argued until the end of time. However, despite this, it seems that an undeniable part of what makes a character tragic is their ability to save themselves from their predicament but, for whatever reason, refuse to do so, thus damning themselves to their wretched fate. Likewise, the more obvious this ability, the more control that a character has over their fate, theRead MoreImportance of a Multi-Professional Team1361 Words   |  5 Pages　 INTRODUCTION 　　　　An effective care for patients can be achieved through the collaboration and team work within the certain health care teams to provide a focused and shared learning in health professional education, which can help enhance the outcome of the patient’s needs.1 Working with different professionals and care givers can lead to issues. This can be looked upon so that the patient is given good service and enhanced care. 　　　Diversity of opinion and experience can bring strength and knowledgeRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Empathy1230 Words   |  5 Pagesor poisonous venom, or big teeth. We aren’t relatively fast, either. But, the thing we do have is the power to work together. No matter if you’re a systemizer or an empathizer, our greater function when we come together - even in pairs - is shown through compassion and attention to others’ needs, for this is fact among our species. The brain is literally constructed to feel empathy and experience what another person is feeling, using something that scientists have named the mirror neuron. We use thisRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl, By Harriet Tubman And The Fight For Freedom1394 Words   |  6 PagesMuch like the saying Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, the notion of freedom varies according to the person describing it. In the context of slavery, for example, the concept of freedom is different in the perspective of enslaved women, enslaved men, or white women. To black women, the idea of freedom was conceived around the concept of family. For white women, freedom meant achieving equal footing with men, and getting their natural rights. And, for the enslaved black man, the idea that they

Animal Rights Essay Introduction Example For Students

Animal Rights Essay Introduction One of the most touchy aspects of our relationship with animals is the use of animals in laboratory sciences. Some manufactures of cosmetics and household products still conduct painful and useless tests on live animals, even though no law requires them to do so. Some people, called anti-vivisectionists, are at one extreme in their concern. They want an abolition of all experiments on live animals. At the other extreme there are those who say that it is quite all right for us to do whatever we like to animals. They say that God gave us such a right, since it is written in the bible (Genesis 1:26) that man has dominion over all creatures. If what is done to the animal may produce something of educational value, adds to scientific knowledge, or can help improve human health, they argue that it is worth killing animals or subjecting them to painful experiments. I believe that the unnecessary testing of animals is inhumane and unethical when alternative methods are available. The anti-vivisectionists say we should allow no experiments on animals and the animal utilitarians, or vivisectionists, claim that we can do anything to animals if it is for the ultimate good of humanity. Perhaps they are both wrong. Much can be learned from treating animals that are already sick or injured in testing new life-saving drugs and surgical techniques. Animals, as well as people benefit from new discoveries. But is it right to take perfectly healthy animals and harm them to find cures for human illnesses, many of which we bring on ourselves by poisoning the environment, eating the wrong kinds of foods, and by not adopting a healthy active life-style?Do people have the right to do what ever they like to perfectly healthy animals? Do we have the right to continue doing experiments over and over again in a needless repetition and a waste of animals if no new information is going to be gained. Animals suffer unnecessarily and their lives are pointlessly wasted. If the issue w ere simple, animal experimentation might never have become so controversial. Each year in the United States an estimated 20-70 million animals-from cats, dogs and primates, to rabbits, rats and mice-suffer and die in the name of research. Animal tests for the safety of cosmetics, household products and chemicals are the least justifiable. Animals have doses of shampoo, hair spray, and deodorant dripped into their eyes or applied to bare skin in attempts to measure eye and skin irritancy levels. Other are force-fed massive quantities of toxic materials such as bleach or soap, in a hit-and-miss attempt to measure levels of toxicity. Since 1938, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required that each ingredient in a cosmetic be adequately substantiated for safety prior to being made available to the consumer. However, neither the FDA nor the Consumer Product Safety Commission ( a regulatory agency that oversees product safety, consumer complaints, etc.) requires firms to conduct animal testing of any cosmetic product. Cosmetic companies use animal tests to insure themselves against possible consumer lawsuits. If sued for liability, they can protect themselves by arguing that the cosmetic was adequately tested for safety with tests standard in the cosmetic industry. How placing a piece of lipstick in the eye of a rabbit to determine it safety to the consumer boggles my mind. If someone placed a piece of lipstick in my eye, I do believe it would irritate my eye also. How in the name of God does this test prove it is safe for the consumer? I dont believe lipstick is gong to be used in the eye area, unless you are a mindless idiot. .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .postImageUrl , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:hover , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:visited , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:active { border:0!important; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:active , .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230 .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue790ca21463285d8d6ac283004983230:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Criminology - Thoughts On Plea Bargaining EssayThe Draize Eye-Irritancy Test was designed to assess a substances potential harmfulness to human eyes based on its effects on rabbits eyes. This test was developed in the early 1940s by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This test is typically performed on six rabbits per substance tested. Technicians restrain each rabbit and place a measured amount of the test substance in the lower lid of one eye. Usually no anesthetics are given. the rabbits eyes are than examined at different intervals. If severe injury has resulted, the rabbits may be observed

Transitions both expected and unexpected from birth free essay sample

This tables explains the different types of transitions both expected and unexpected from birth to 19 years old and how they affect the development or behaviour and having a positive relationship can effect them. Transition Effect on Children and Young People of having positive adult relationships during periods of transition Babies Weaning Crawling to Walking Nappies to Toilet When weaning the adult can help the child by using a calm and soothing voice, a lot of reassurance both visual and vocal. Always maintain eye contact and good facial expressions. Always allow plenty of time when feeding. This will encourage the child to try new textures (food). Never force a child eats as this will have a very negative effect. The transition from crawling to walking is a developmental milestone; it enables the child to view the world around them for an up right position. They can reach items that use to be out of their reach and can move with increasing speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Transitions both expected and unexpected from birth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this transition an adult will ensure the children can explore their environment safely, encourage them with a positive attitude. All children reach development milestones at different times in their life. Some children are later at bladder control then others, until a child can recognise the signs of needing the toilet there is no point in starting toilet training. As a supportive adult you can reassure a child that accidents happen and that everything is ok. Children Start Nursery Start School Move through Key Stages When a decision is made for a child to attend nursery, the parent can arrange visits where they can stay with the child, so that the child becomes familiar with the setting. Constant reassurance that everything is alright, will allow the child to feel safe in the environment. Leaving the child for a short period of time during a visit will reinforce the fact that you are returning and not leaving them there for ever. When a child reach’s school age and the parent have decided which school the child will attend visits are arranged with the school to introduce the child to the environment and staff. Playground visit are a good way for the children to interact with one other and they can start to make friends and bond with their peers. Parents are encouraged to take their children into the classroom and help them with hanging up coats etc.this gives the child an extra bit of reassurance when entering the school. When a child is due to move into a different year group, any adult involved with the children can make themselves known to the child. This can be done by class visits, which encourage the child to learn the new layout of their class room and get to know the staff with in that class room. Young People Puberty College / University Leave Home Sta rt Work When a child goes through puberty their emotions are running very high. Giving the child reassurances about what is happening to them and that it is normal. Helping a young person to choose the right college for them is very important, attending visits to the university, helping with any form filling and settling into university life is the best role an adult can take in this transitions When the time comes for a child to leave home the adults can again be reassuring that they will always be there for advice or help when needed. It can be very over whelming when it comes to starting work, explaining to the young person about the way that the business world works can help with how they deal with work situations that they haven’t encountered before. Adults Married Separation / Divorce Children Change of Job Death With all these situations in adult life keeping the lines of communication open and reassurances will have a positive effect. Unexpected Transitions Arrival of new sibling Change of school Moving home Violence or abuse Parents Divorcing Illness, Accident, Death Whether these situations are happening to a child or young person, an adult can explaining what is going on and what is happening. Allowing the child to talk and listening to them, giving them reassurances and keeping all lines of communication open will have a positive effect on the child.

The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making The WritePass Journal

The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making Introduction The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making IntroductionApproach and Outline(Theory Being Tested)List of ReferencesRelated Introduction This research will examine The Role of Intuitive Judgement in Strategic Decision-Making by studying the measures used within the organisations and means of a Literature Review. Literature Review will look at the, use of intuitive skills which will be discussed. Research questions, the circumstances under which intuitive judgement is employed and the conditions under which it is effective and strategic decision-making are considered. Finally, the Literature Review will explore the role played by intuition in TMT decision-making. Using MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator), the study will analyse the decision making style of managers. Those are two perceiving functions, sensing and intuition (irrational) the two judging functions, thinking and feeling (rational). Myers et al., 1998 has identified four cognitive styles (ST, SF, NT and NF). Sufficient support has received for using the method of MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator) as a measure of Jungian Personality dimensions. (e.g. Rosenak Shontz 1988;Gardner Martinko, 1996; Myers et al, 1998). (Cited in Gallà ©n, T. 2006). Thus this study will fill the gap between Hambrick and Mason’s (1984) ‘upper echelons’ model of organizations, in the field of strategic decision-making which mainly examined the demographic factors influencing top management team’s (TMT’s) decision-making and firm performance not intuition’s role and team interaction mechanisms affect in the process of   decision making and firm performance. The research question is: How do team interaction mechanisms affect intuitive judgement of the Leader (Decision Maker)? Approach and Outline(Theory Being Tested) The conceptual model shows that Team effectiveness – displayed as an input-throughput-output model – is a multilevel phenomenon. As Hambrick and Mason (1984) argue, corporate performance is a reflection of the decision makers in the upper echelons of the corporation, thus director-level variables are linked to firm-level variables. However, as argued above, this type of reasoning ignores Agor (1986) study which indicates that intuition is especially important in situations characterised by high levels of uncertainty, where facts are limited, where there are few precedents and when time is limited. In order to promote change in an organizations strategy, (Gallà ©n, T. 2006) it might be necessary to consider a successors personality too: sometimes a sensing (S) manager may be replaced by an intuitive (N) manager. (Gallà ©n, T. 2006) In line with Clares (1999) suggests that those who can think intuitively may have a valuable contribution to make to the management process, thus Director Characteristics include Extraversion (E)/Introversion (I) Sensing (S)/Intuition (N) and Thinking (T)/Feeling (F). Next, these input variables lead to outcomes, first at the team level. The team role performance block is to be interpreted as the issue to what extent the team monitors top management and to what extent the team provides resources to the firm. Team-level outcomes contribute to firm performance, where one has to take into account that good corporate performance is defined differently by various stakeholders (Wood and Jones, 1995). The behavioural propositions will be tested on a dataset that will be gathered for this research. This data will consist of answers to a wide variety of statements on team working style and the company’s environment. Several hundred replies will be collected from UK and Indian SMEs and MLEs, CEOs. The studies in this set focus on UK and Indian corporations. A first study will identify team processes such as effort, conflict, cooperation and use of knowledge and hypothesis upon the relationships among these concepts and between these concepts and team role performance. An intriguing issue in this research is that the major team roles that have been identified are theoretically non-complementary (monitoring requires distance, whereas strategy and service demands proximity) and practically unidentified because various activities are performed that could be considered part of both roles. A second study will test hypotheses on team capital and team performance, confronting the views of CEOs and chairmen on team relations. For both studies, case studies and small sample quantitative research needed to be identified the variables of interest and standard instruments to measure these concepts have been developed but it remains to be shown that the results generalise to larger populations and which contextual forces are important. The second set of studies concerns the team’s role in satisfying claims of stakeholder groups other than shareholders only. Specifically, it will be analysed whether some demographic configuration of the team is preferred to other team structures if it comes to making stakeholder relationships profitable. Thus, in terms of Figure 1, the middle column is held constant and a detailed analysis of director characteristics on various performance measures will be undertaken. A longitudinal study will be undertaken to investigate the dynamics of the alleged relationship between team interaction mechanisms and intuitive judgment. This study thus assesses whether team interaction mechanism is a serious issue. A cross-sectional study will be conducted to pinpoint at network theoretical and team demographic variables that are key to this relationship, seeking an optimal team structure from various team management’s views. The third and final set of studies takes a specific aspect of the intuitive role of directors and a theory of intuitive judgment in strategic decision making will be developed and answers will be sought to the How do team interaction mechanisms affect intuitive judgment of the Leader (Decision Maker)?, question that have been left unanswered to date. This field is theoretically highly undeveloped and thus it is not yet clear where to fit the set of studies in Figure 1. It is likely, however, that the development will be parallel to the first set in which director and team characteristics will be considered as drivers of firm strategy. The empirical setting is United Kingdom and India, for which a set on compliance with the corporate governance code and director profiles and networks will be composed. The studies are cross-sectional in nature and cover the majority of UK and Indian listed corporations. Qualitative data will be used in this connection and analysis of data will be interpreted using SPSS. List of References Agor, W.H. (1986), The Logic of Intuitive Decision Making: A Research-based Approach for Top Management, Quorum Books, New York, NY. Clares, M.-T. (1999), â€Å"Women, men and management styles†, International Labour Review, 138 (4), pp. 41-6. Daily, C.M., Dalton, D.R., and Cannella, A.A. jr. 2003. Corporate governance: decades of dialogue and data. Academy of Management Review 28: pp. 371-382 Forbes, D.P., and Milliken, F.J. 1999. Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding boards of directors as strategic decision-making groups. Academy of Management Review 24: pp.489-505 Gallà ©n, T. 2006 Managers and strategic decisions: does the cognitive style matter? Journal of Management Development.   25 (2) pp. 118-133. Gabrielsson, J., and Huse, M. 2004. Context, behavior, and evolution: Challenges in research on boards and governance. International Studies of Management and Organization 34: pp.11-36. Gardner, W.L., Martinko, M.J. (1996), Using the Myers-Briggs type indicator to study managers: a literature review and research agenda, Journal of Management, 22 (1), pp.45-83. Hambrick, D.C., Mason, P.A. (1984), Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers, Academy of Management Review,   9 (2), pp.193-206. Henderson, J.C., Nutt, P.C. (1980), The influence of decision style on decision-making behavior, Management Science, 26(4), pp.371-86. Hermalin, B.E., and Weisbach, M.S. 1998. Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. American Economic Review 88: pp.96-118 Hillman, A.J., and Dalziel, T. 2003. Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review 28: pp.383-396 Huse, M. 1993. Relational norms as a supplement to neo-classical understanding of directorates: An empirical study of boards of directors. Journal of Socio-economics 22: pp.219-240 John Hayes, Christopher W. Allinson, Steven J. Armstrong, (2004) Intuition, women managers and gendered stereotypes, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss: 4, pp.403 – 417 Ibarra, H., Kilduff, M., and Tsai, W. 2005. Zooming in and out: Connecting individuals and collectivities at the frontiers of organizational network research. Organization Science 16: pp.359-371. Isenberg, D.J. (1984), â€Å"How senior managers think†, Harvard Business Review, November-December, pp. 81-90. McNulty, T., and Pettigrew, A. 1999. Strategists on the board. Organization Studies 20: pp.47-74 Myers, I.B., McCaulley, M.H., Quenk, N.L., Hammer, A.L. (1998), A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 3rd ed., Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA, . Parikh, J., Neubauer, F. and Lank, A.G. (1994), Intuition: The New Frontier of Management, Blackwell, Oxford Pettigrew, A.M. 1992. On studying managerial elites. Strategic Management Journal 13: pp.163-182 Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), Jungian Q-sorts: demonstrating construct validity for psychological type and the MBTI, Journal of Psychological Type, 15 pp.33-45. Stumpf, S.A., Dunbar, R.L.M. (1991), The effects of personality type on choices made in strategic decision situations, Decision Sciences, 22 (5), pp.1047-69. Tiina Gallà ©n, (2006) Managers and strategic decisions: does the cognitive style matter?, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 25 Iss: 2, pp.118 133 Wood, D.J. and Jones, R.E. 1995. Stakeholder mismatching: A theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 3: pp.229-267 Zahra, S.A., and Pearce, J.A. II 1989. Boards of directors and corporate financial performance: A review and integrative model. Journal of Management 15: pp.291-334 A Study of Intuition in Decision-Making using Organizational Engineering Methodology By Ashley Floyd Fields

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